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Daily Current Affairs - 14th & 15th February 2026

Comprehensive UPSC Current Affairs Summary | UNSC 1267 Sanctions Committee, NATO Arctic Sentry Mission, PLFS Q3 2025 Employment Trends, NITI Aayog Agriculture Net Zero Roadmap, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund Expansion, Rural Transformation 3Is Framework, CERC Power Market Coupling, Electoral Trust Funding Analysis, Right to Recall Debate, PM RAHAT & Lakhpati Didi Expansion, NITI Aayog Waste Net Zero Report, ISRO Space-Based Systems for Development and more.

  1. UNSC 1267 Sanctions Committee

The latest report of the UN Security Council 1267 Sanctions Monitoring Committee has recorded that Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed, a UN-designated terror outfit, was “linked” to the Delhi Red Fort terror attack.

  • A UN-designated terror outfit refers to an organisation officially listed by the United Nations as involved in terrorism and therefore subject to sanctions.


About the 1267 Sanctions Committee

Nature and Mandate

  1. The 1267 Sanctions Committee is a subsidiary body of the UN Security Council (UNSC).

    • A subsidiary body means a committee formed under the authority of a principal organ to perform specific functions.

  2. It is charged with overseeing sanctions against ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida, and associated individuals and groups.

  3. Sanctions are restrictive measures such as asset freezes, travel bans, or embargoes imposed to maintain international peace and security.


Origin and Establishment

  1. The Committee was established by UNSC Resolution 1267 (1999).

  2. The Resolution originally imposed an air embargo and assets freeze specifically on the Taliban.

    • An air embargo means prohibition of air travel or flights linked to the targeted entity.

    • An assets freeze means blocking access to funds and financial resources of listed entities or individuals.


Composition

  1. The Committee comprises all 15 members of the UN Security Council.

  2. The UN Security Council consists of 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members.

  3. The Committee makes decisions by consensus.

    • Consensus means decisions are adopted only when no member formally objects.


Core Functions

  1. The Committee designates individuals and groups for inclusion in the sanctions list.

  2. A sanctions list contains names of persons and entities subject to UN-imposed restrictions.

  3. It considers requests for delisting.

    • Delisting means removal of a name from the sanctions list after review.

  4. It also examines requests for exemptions from sanctions.

    • An exemption allows limited relaxation of sanctions under specific conditions.

  5. The Committee reports annually to the UN Security Council.

  1. Arctic Sentry

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) launched a new mission, Arctic Sentry, to bolster security in the Arctic.

  1. NATO is a political and military alliance created in 1949 after signing the North Atlantic Treaty. 

  2. Currently has 32 members and is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. 

About Arctic Sentry

  1. Led by: Joint Force Command Norfolk (JFC Norfolk) that serves as a bridge between North America and Europe for NATO.

  2. Strategic Purpose: Safeguard NATO members, protect territory, and maintain stability in challenging scenarios like increased military activity from Russia and growing interest from China.

  1. PLFS – October–December 2025 Quarter

  1. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is the primary source of data on employment–unemployment conditions in India.

  2. It is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO).

    • The NSO functions under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).


Key Findings – October–December 2025


Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

  1. The overall Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) among persons aged 15 years and above increased to 55.8%.

    • LFPR refers to the number of persons or person-days in the labour force per 1000 persons or person-days.

  2. The labour force includes persons who are working or employed.

  3. It also includes persons who are seeking or available for work and are therefore unemployed.

  4. The overall female LFPR for females aged 15 years and above increased to 34.9%.

  5. This indicates an upward trend in female participation in economic activities.


Worker Population Ratio (WPR)

  1. The overall Worker Population Ratio (WPR) for persons aged 15 years and above rose to 53.1%.

    • WPR refers to the number of persons or person-days employed per 1000 persons or person-days.

  2. The rural WPR for persons aged 15 years and above showed a steady upward trend.

  3. This upward trend was observed across both genders in rural areas.


Unemployment Rate (UR)

  1. The Unemployment Rate (UR) declined in both rural and urban sectors.

  2. The rural UR declined to 4% and The urban UR declined to 6.7%.

    • UR refers to the number of persons or person-days unemployed per 1000 persons or person-days in the labour force.


Employment Pattern and Sectoral Distribution

  1. Self-employment increased in rural areas to 63.2% and also increased in urban areas to 39.7%.

  2. In rural areas, the majority of workers were engaged in the agriculture sector.

    • The agriculture sector engaged 58.5% of rural workers.

  3. In urban areas, the tertiary sector remained stable.

    • The tertiary sector engaged 61.9% of urban workers.

    • The tertiary sector refers to the services sector, which includes trade, transport, communication, finance, and other services.

  1. NITI Aayog Study Report on Agriculture

  1. NITI Aayog has released a study report titled “Scenarios Towards Viksit Bharat and Net Zero.”

  2. The report emphasises “strategic sequencing” as a transition strategy for the agriculture sector.

    • Strategic sequencing refers to implementing reforms in a phased and priority-based manner to maximise impact.

  3. The strategy focuses on resource efficiency, including micro-irrigation and fertilizer optimization.

    • Micro-irrigation means water-efficient systems like drip and sprinkler irrigation.

    • Fertilizer optimization means rational and efficient use of fertilizers to reduce waste and emissions.

  4. The report recommends strategic scaling of pathways such as crop diversification and increasing the share of solar and electric pumps.

    • Crop diversification involves shifting cultivation away from water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane to less resource-intensive crops.

  5. These pathways can provide mitigation co-benefits and energy savings.

    • Mitigation co-benefits refer to additional climate benefits achieved alongside developmental gains.


Agriculture Sector of India: Structural Profile


1. Contribution to Economy and Employment

  • The agriculture sector supports 46% of the workforce.

  • It contributes approximately 14% to Gross Value Added (GVA).

  • Gross Value Added (GVA) measures the value of goods and services produced in an economy.


2. Role in Food Security

  • Between 2011 and 2019, food grain production increased to approximately 285 million tonnes.

  • Food grain production further increased to approximately 332 million tonnes in 2023–24.

  • This rise strengthens India’s food security, which means ensuring availability and access to sufficient food.


3. Key Challenges in the Agriculture Sector

  • The sector is dominated by small and marginal farmers.

    • Small and marginal farmers are those owning less than 2 hectares of land.

  • The sector faces a dual challenge of meeting rising food demand and managing environmental footprints.

  • The agriculture sector currently accounts for approximately 14% of national Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.

    • Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat in the atmosphere.

  • Emissions are driven by methane from enteric fermentation and rice cultivation.

    • Enteric fermentation refers to methane produced during digestion in ruminant animals.

  • Emissions also arise from nitrous oxide from agricultural soils.

  • The sector consumes approximately 18% of national electricity.

  • This electricity is primarily used for groundwater irrigation and expanding mechanisation.


Emission Scenarios up to 2070


1. Current Policy Scenario (CPS)

  • Under the Current Policy Scenario (CPS), agricultural non-energy emissions are projected to rise.

  • Emissions are expected to increase from approximately 506 MtCO₂e in 2019 to 531 MtCO₂e in 2070.

  • MtCO₂e stands for million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, a standard unit to measure GHG emissions.


2. Net Zero Scenario

  • Under the Net Zero Scenario, total emissions are projected at approximately 399 MtCO₂e in 2070.

  • This represents approximately 25% mitigation co-benefits relative to CPS.

  • Net Zero means balancing total greenhouse gas emissions with removal or offset measures.


Key Policy Suggestions

  1. The report recommends integrating both demand-side and supply-side levers.

  2. Demand-side levers influence consumption patterns, while supply-side levers influence production methods.

  3. It suggests creating targeted roadmaps for sectoral transition.

  4. It recommends institutionalising an integrated “agri-food” systems framework.

  5. An agri-food systems framework links agriculture, food processing, distribution, and consumption holistically.


Implementation Pathways and Expected Benefits


1. Sustainable Yield Intensification and Crop Diversification

  • Relevant schemes include Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) and the Crop Diversification Programme.

    • PMKSY aims to improve irrigation coverage and water-use efficiency.

  • The key parameter of change is enhancing output per hectare (kg/ha).

  • The primary outcomes include enhanced farm incomes and improved food security.

  • The potential impact includes reduced emission intensity per hectare (CO₂e/ha).

  • Emission intensity means emissions per unit of output or land area.


2. Natural and Chemical-Free Farming

  • Relevant schemes include the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) and Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY).

    • NMNF promotes farming without synthetic chemical inputs.

    • PKVY supports organic farming through cluster-based approaches.

  • The parameter of change includes improvement in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and agro-biodiversity.

    • Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) refers to carbon stored in soil organic matter.

  • The primary outcomes include long-term yield sustainability and nutritional security.

  • The potential impact includes reduction in nitrous oxide emissions.


3. Sustainable Rice Cultivation (SRC) Practices

  • A relevant scheme is Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI).

    • BGREI aims to enhance rice productivity in eastern states.

  • The key parameter of change is improved water use efficiency (litres per hectare).

  • The primary outcomes include farm income stability and enhanced climate resilience.

    • Climate resilience refers to the ability to withstand climate-related shocks.

  • The potential impact includes up to 59% reduction in methane emissions.

  1. Loan Target of Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Doubled

  1. The Prime Minister has announced the doubling of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) loan target.

  2. The loan target has been increased from ₹1 lakh crore to ₹2 lakh crore.

  3. The fund aims to strengthen India’s entire agriculture value chain.

    • Agriculture value chain refers to the entire process from production to storage, processing, marketing, and distribution.


Rationale for Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)


1. Agricultural Dependence

  • India has a high dependence on agriculture for its population.

  • A large proportion of livelihoods are directly or indirectly linked to agriculture.


2. Small Farmers

  • There is predominance of small farmers with limited land holdings.

  • Small farmers generally face constraints in accessing infrastructure and credit.


3. Post-Harvest Wastage

  • There is high post-harvest wastage of agricultural yield.

  • Post-harvest wastage refers to loss of produce after harvesting due to poor storage, transport, or processing facilities.


About Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)


1. Objective

  • AIF is a medium-long term debt financing facility.

  • It provides financing for investment in viable projects for post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets.

  • Debt financing means loans that must be repaid with interest.

  • It provides support through interest subvention and credit guarantee.

    • Interest subvention means partial payment of interest by the government.

    • Credit guarantee reduces risk for lenders by assuring repayment support.


2. Type and Implementation Period

  • AIF is a Central Sector Scheme. Central Sector Scheme means fully funded and implemented by the Central Government.

  • The implementation period is from 2020–21 to 2029–30.


3. Key Features

  • Loans are provided with 3% per annum interest subvention.

  • The scheme provides credit guarantee coverage under the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE).

    • CGTMSE provides guarantee cover to lenders for loans given to micro and small enterprises.

    • The credit guarantee is applicable for loans up to ₹2 crore.


4. Eligible Beneficiaries

  • Primary beneficiaries include Farmers, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Self Help Groups (SHGs).

    • PACS are grassroots cooperative credit institutions providing short-term loans to farmers.

    • FPOs are farmer-owned organizations that enhance collective bargaining power.

    • SHGs are small voluntary groups that promote savings and credit activities.

  • Government bodies and agencies such as Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) are also eligible.

    • APMCs regulate agricultural markets and facilitate sale of farm produce.


5. Eligible Projects

A. Post-Harvest Management Projects

  • Projects include warehouses, cold chains, cold storage, and ripening chambers.

  • Cold chain refers to temperature-controlled supply chain systems.

B. Community Farming Assets

  • Projects include infrastructure for smart and precision agriculture.

  • Examples include drones, sensors, and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

  • Precision agriculture uses technology to optimise input use and increase productivity.


Other Initiatives for Agriculture Infrastructure Development


1. Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI)

  • AMI provides subsidy support for constructing rural godowns.

  • Rural godowns are storage facilities located in rural areas.


2. Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)

  • MOVCDNER focuses on developing organic clusters in the North East.

  • An organic cluster refers to a group of farmers practicing organic farming in a defined area.


3. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

  • PMMSY aims to boost fish production to 22 million metric tons.

  • It also aims to increase exports to ₹1 lakh crore by 2024–25.


4. Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)

  • MIF has a corpus of ₹5,000 crore.

  • It aims to expand micro-irrigation coverage.

  • Micro-irrigation includes drip and sprinkler irrigation systems that improve water-use efficiency.

  1. Rural Transformation through 3Is: Institutions, Investment, and Inclusion framework

Union Budget allocations for Rural Development increased over 211 per cent during the last decade. These figures indicate a sustained fiscal commitment to strengthening local institutional capacity, rural infrastructure and livelihoods.

Institutions 

  1. From Govt led Welfare Delivery model to Decentralised Partnerships: Eg. Jal Jeevan Mission’s participatory mechanisms through Panchayats and SHGs, achieving near-universal rural tap water coverage (99.6%).

  2. Community led Institutions are being leveraged for last mile delivery: Eg. Model Youth Gram Sabha to familiarise students with grassroots governance.

    • Women-Led SHGs under DAY-National Rural Livelihoods Mission 

  3. Strengthening local institutions: Direct Fiscal Transfers to panchayat increased by ~85% under 16th Finance commission.

    • Eg. Revamped Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan to enhance institutional capacity and e-governance of these bodies

India's MPI

Investment 

  • Rural infrastructure: Housing and Connectivity under PM Gram Sadak Yojna and PM Awas Yojna Gramin has seen significance jump in allocations.

Inclusion

  1. Economic Inclusion: Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025 guarantees 125 days of employment, linked to asset creation.

  2. Market Inclusion: To support the Lakhpati Didi initiative, budget proposes SHE-Marts—community-owned retail outlets to help women move from subsistence to sustainable enterprise.

  3. Digital Rights: Schemes like SVAMITVA (drone mapping) and Namo Drone Didi ensure rural citizens have property rights and access to the digital economy.

  1. Government lifted the wheat export ban

The government lifted the wheat export ban after four years to ensure remunerative prices for farmers and due to 

About Wheat 

  1. Type: Rabi Crop

  2. Regions: Tropical sub-tropical zones, temperate zone

  3. Climatic requirement: Cool and moist weather during the vegetative growth period followed by dry, warm weather for the grain to mature and ripening

    • Optimum temperature: 20-25 Degrees Celsius

    • Ideal Rainfall: 50-75 cm 

  4. Status of India: World’s 2nd-largest producer ( ~14% of global output), world’s largest area.

  5. Top 3 Producers: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab.

  1. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

The Appellate Tribunal for Electricity allowed the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to proceed with framing regulations on power market coupling.

  1. Market coupling is a model where buy bids and sell bids from all power exchanges in the country will be aggregated and matched to discover a uniform MCP (Market clearing prices).

  2. India has three power exchanges-Indian Energy Exchange (IEX), Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) and Hindustan Power Exchange Limited (HPX).

About CERC:

  1. Overview: Statutory body functioning under Section 76 of the Electricity Act 2003.

  2. Objective: 

    • To promote competition, efficiency and economy in bulk power markets 

    • Improve the quality of supply

    • Advise the government on the removal of institutional barriers to bridge the demand supply gap.

  1. Major Schemes for Women, Youth and Vulnerable Citizens

The Prime Minister has approved major schemes targeting women, youth, and vulnerable citizens.

  • These initiatives aim to strengthen social protection, livelihood security, and entrepreneurship ecosystems.


PM RAHAT (Road Accident Holistic Action for Treatment) Scheme

  1. The PM RAHAT Scheme stands for Road Accident Holistic Action for Treatment.

  2. The purpose of the scheme is to prevent deaths caused by lack of immediate medical assistance.

  3. It covers medical expenses for road accident victims.

  4. The scheme provides cashless treatment up to ₹1.5 lakh.

    • Cashless treatment means the hospital receives payment directly without upfront payment by the patient.


Lakhpati Didi Initiative – Target Revised

  1. The target under the Lakhpati Didi Initiative has been doubled.

  2. The revised target is to support 6 crore Lakhpati Didis by March 2029.

  3. The earlier target was 3 crore Lakhpati Didis.

  4. The earlier target was achieved ahead of the original March 2027 timeline.


About Lakhpati Didi Initiative (2023)

  1. The initiative was launched in 2023.

  2. The objective is to enable rural Self Help Group (SHG) women to move out of poverty.

  3. It promotes diversification of livelihoods through skilling, financial inclusion, and market access.

    • Financial inclusion means access to banking, credit, insurance, and financial services.

    • Examples include running small enterprises or livestock management activities.

  4. A Lakhpati Didi is defined as an SHG member with a sustainable annual household income of ₹1,00,000 or more.

  5. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.

  6. It functions under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).

    • DAY-NRLM aims to reduce rural poverty through institution-building and self-employment.


Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 (FFS 2.0)

  1. The Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 (FFS 2.0) has been approved with a corpus of ₹10,000 crore.

  2. It was unveiled in the Budget 2025–26.

  3. The scheme focuses on the manufacturing and high-technology sectors.

  4. These sectors typically require longer-term funding due to higher capital intensity.


About Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS)

  1. The Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) is a flagship initiative of the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).

  2. It operates under the Startup India Action Plan.

  3. The scheme is managed by the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).

    • SIDBI is a development financial institution that promotes small-scale industries.

  4. The FFS supports SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).

    • Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) are privately pooled investment vehicles regulated by SEBI.

  5. These AIFs, in turn, invest in startups.

  6. The model expands access to domestic risk capital and strengthens entrepreneurship.

    • Risk capital refers to funding provided to startups with high growth potential but higher risk.

  1. Electoral Trust

Recently ADR released an analysis of electoral trusts FY 2024-25

  1. It revealed that 82.5% of the donations by them went to the ruling party.

  2. Maharashtra emerged as the largest contributor state.

About Electoral trust 

  1. Origin: Based on the Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013 and Income Tax Rules, 1962  these are non-profit companies.

  2. Objective: To receive contributions from donors and distribute them to registered political parties facilitating transparent political funding.

  3. Transparency: Donations above ₹20,000 must be disclosed to Election Commission of India, but the amount given to each political party remains confidential.

  4. Registration: By Central board of Direct Taxes.

  5. They need to distribute at least 95% of the contributions received during the year to eligible political parties. 

  1. Right to Recall

Recently, a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha floated the idea of introducing the ‘Right to Recall’ in India’s parliamentary democracy.


About Right to Recall

1. Concept and Meaning

  • Right to Recall is a form of Direct Democracy.

    • Direct Democracy means citizens directly participate in decision-making rather than acting solely through elected representatives.

  • It allows voters to remove an elected representative before the completion of their term.

2. Status in India

  • In India, the Right to Recall is supported only at the local level in some states.

    • For example, Chhattisgarh provides such a provision at the local body level.

  • At the national and state legislative levels, no constitutional provision currently exists for recall.

3. Global Practices

  • Many other countries have provisions for the Right to Recall.

  • The United States (in some States) provides recall mechanisms for certain elected offices.

  • The United Kingdom (UK) also has recall provisions under specific conditions.


Direct Democracy Tools in Context

India is primarily a Representative Democracy. Representative Democracy means citizens elect representatives to make laws and policies on their behalf.

  • However, certain instruments allow citizens to exercise power more directly.

1. Referendum

  • A Referendum is a tool of direct democracy.

  • In a referendum, a proposed piece of legislation is referred to the electorate for acceptance or rejection.

  • The decision is made through direct voting by eligible citizens.

2. Initiative

  • An Initiative allows citizens to propose a bill to the legislature for enactment.

  • It empowers voters to directly influence the legislative agenda.

3. Plebiscite

  • A Plebiscite primarily deals with issues of sovereignty, territorial disputes, or political status.

  • It is usually conducted to ascertain the will of the people on a specific political question.

  1. Space-Based Systems Propelling National Development Goals

  1. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has undertaken multiple projects to support national development.

  2. These projects use space-based systems, which refer to satellites and related technologies for observation, communication, and data services.


Key Development Goals Supported by Space-Based Systems

1. Agricultural Development

  • ISRO supports agricultural development through CROP (Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress).

    • Remote sensing means collection of data about the Earth’s surface through satellites without physical contact.

  • Space-based inputs support schemes like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).

  • PMFBY provides crop insurance coverage to farmers against yield losses.

2. Disaster Management

  • Space systems are used for monitoring glacial lakes.

  • They are also used for mapping flood-affected areas.

  • They support lightning nowcasting, which means short-term forecasting of lightning events.

  • ISRO has developed the Satellite Integrated Landslide Assessment and Alert System.

    • This system provides early warning and monitoring of landslide-prone regions.

  • Under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), the Vessel Communication and Support System (VCSS) has been deployed.

    • VCSS provides safety-of-life and disaster alerts to fishermen.

3. Climate Monitoring

  • ISRO has developed a GeoAI Framework for Air Quality Monitoring.

    • GeoAI integrates geospatial data with Artificial Intelligence for advanced analysis.

  • Space systems help in quantification of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission inventory.

    • An emission inventory is a database that records the amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere.

  • Monitoring includes emissions from Land Use and Land Use Change (LULUC).

    • Land Use Change refers to conversion of land from one use to another, such as forest to agriculture.

4. Societal Welfare

  • ISRO monitors the Watershed Development Component – Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (WDC-PMKSY).

    • Watershed development involves management of land and water resources in a defined drainage area.

  • It monitors projects under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Housing for All (Urban).

    • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) aims to provide affordable housing to the urban poor.

  • The Bhuvan Geoportal provides online remote sensing data services.

    • Geoportal means an online platform providing access to geospatial information.

5. Defence Applications

  • ISRO supports defence through platforms such as MOSDAC-IN (Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre – Indian Navy).

    • MOSDAC-IN is a web portal providing customised satellite-derived weather products.

  • These products assist naval operations and maritime decision-making.


India’s Space Profile

1. ISRO Overview

  • ISRO, headquartered in Bengaluru, was formed in 1969.

  • It is India’s space agency aiming to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and mankind.

  • ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS).

2. Major Launch Vehicles

  • Active operational launch vehicles include the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).

  • Other operational vehicles include the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk-III (LVM3).

    • Launch vehicles are rockets used to place satellites into orbit.

3. Key Spacecraft Missions

  • Major missions include NISAR.

    • NISAR is a joint Earth observation mission for advanced radar imaging.

  • Other missions include Aditya L1 and Chandrayaan-3.

    • Aditya L1 studies the Sun from the Lagrange Point L1.

    • Chandrayaan-3 is India’s lunar exploration mission focused on soft landing

  1. NITI Aayog releases “Scenarios Towards Viksit Bharat and Net Zero: Waste” Report


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