Daily Current Affairs - 28th & 29th October 2025

If you missed Monthly Current Affairs Pointers (CAP) | Sept - Oct 2025, read it here.

22nd ASEAN–India Summit (Held in Malaysia)

1. The 22nd Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)–India Summit was held in Malaysia.

2. During the summit, leaders reviewed progress in their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP), which was elevated from a Strategic Partnership in 2022.

3. The leaders expressed support for the ASEAN–India Plan of Action (2026–2030) to implement the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.

4. They adopted the ASEAN–India Joint Leaders’ Statement on Sustainable Tourism to promote eco-friendly and inclusive tourism.

5. The year 2026, designated as the “ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation” to strengthen collaboration in maritime security, trade, and connectivity.

6. India proposed the establishment of a Centre for Southeast Asian Studies at Nalanda University to promote academic and cultural exchange.

7. It was also decided to hold the East Asia Summit Maritime Heritage Festival at Lothal, Gujarat, highlighting shared maritime heritage.

Significance of ASEAN for India

1. India reaffirmed its support to ASEAN Centrality, which means keeping ASEAN at the core of the Indo-Pacific strategy and Act East Policy.

   • The Act East Policy focuses on enhancing economic, cultural, and strategic relations with the countries of Southeast Asia.

2. The ASEAN–India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA), signed in 2009, is a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) aimed at boosting trade ties.

3. Bilateral trade between ASEAN and India currently stands at around USD 123 billion (2024–25).

4. ASEAN acts as a strategic partner for counterbalancing China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific region.

5. The ASEAN–India Joint Statement on Maritime Cooperation (2023) emphasizes upholding international law in the South China Sea, ensuring freedom of navigation and peaceful dispute resolution.

6. ASEAN is crucial for the development of India’s North Eastern region, as it shares geographical proximity with ASEAN countries.

7. Connectivity projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project pass through this region, improving trade and people-to-people links.

8. ASEAN also supports multilateralism, which refers to cooperation among multiple countries, aligning with India’s foreign policy emphasis on collective problem-solving.

About ASEAN and its Membership Update

ASEAN 11 members

1. Timor-Leste has joined ASEAN as its 11th member, expanding the regional grouping’s reach.

2. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was established in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, through the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration).

3. The founding objective of ASEAN is to promote regional peace, stability, and economic growth among Southeast Asian countries.

4. The other 10 member countries of ASEAN are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Evolving Geopolitical Centrality of the Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR)

1. The Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR) is gaining increasing geopolitical and strategic importance in global affairs.

2. Recently, China sent a new navy fleet for escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia, reflecting its growing naval presence.

Significance of WIOR

Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR)

1. Strategically, the WIOR connects key sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) linking the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.

2. It encompasses major maritime chokepoints, including the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, and the Mozambique Channel.

   • A chokepoint refers to a narrow maritime passage crucial for global trade and naval movement.

3. The Strait of Hormuz alone carries nearly 20% of global oil shipments, making it vital for global energy security.

4. Economically, the total ocean asset base of the WIOR is estimated at USD 333.8 billion, reflecting its vast resource potential.

5. The region also serves as a gateway to Africa, acting as a bridge between Asia and Africa for trade and connectivity.

Significance for India

1. For India, the WIOR is a core component of the Indo-Pacific vision and a priority under its maritime strategy.

2. It enhances Indo-Pacific cooperation, especially with countries like France and other regional partners.

3. The region strengthens India’s role as a Net Security Provider, meaning a nation that contributes to regional stability and maritime safety.

4. The WIOR is also central to India’s Blue Economy initiatives, particularly the Deep Ocean Mission, which focuses on sustainable ocean resource exploration.

Challenges in the WIOR

1. A key challenge is the rising Chinese influence, driven by debt-trap diplomacy, where loans are used to gain strategic leverage.

2. Examples include China’s military base in Djibouti and its control over Gwadar Port in Pakistan under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

3. The region faces emerging maritime threats such as piracy, illegal weapons transport, and drug trafficking.

   • Regional conflicts, such as those in Yemen involving Houthi militias, further destabilize the area.

4. The WIOR also faces non-traditional security threats, including environmental degradation and climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems.

India’s Measures to Protect Its Interests in WIOR

1. India’s maritime policy is guided by the doctrine of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region), emphasizing cooperative maritime security.

2. India actively participates in multilateral forums like the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) to enhance regional cooperation.

3. It promotes defence cooperation and capacity building through naval exercises such as Konkan, held between India and the United Kingdom.

4. India has built strategic partnerships with island nations, such as Mauritius, where it helped develop a runway and jetty at Agalega Island.

5. The Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC–IOR) helps India monitor maritime traffic and coordinate security operations.

6. Operation Sankalp showcases India’s role as the “First Responder” and “Preferred Security Partner” in the Indian Ocean.

7. India’s development of the Chabahar Port in Iran further strengthens its connectivity and influence in the Western Indian Ocean.

Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)

1. Recently, 7 projects have been approved under the Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS).

2. These projects aim to enable large-scale production of electronic components used in smartphones, automobiles, medical devices, telecommunications, and industrial systems.

3. The ECMS was notified in April 2025 with a total financial outlay of ₹22,919 crore.

About ECMS

1. The objective of ECMS is to build a strong and self-sustaining ecosystem for electronics component manufacturing in India.

2. The scheme focuses on attracting both domestic and global investments across the entire electronics value chain.

3. It aims to promote higher domestic value addition, meaning a greater share of manufacturing processes and profits remain within India.

4. The scheme also seeks to position India as a key player in the global electronics trade.

5. The nodal ministry responsible for implementing the scheme is the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

6. The targeted segments include sub-assemblies such as display and camera modules, and bare components like non-surface mount devices (non-SMDs).

   • Surface Mount Devices or SMDs are small electronic components mounted directly onto printed circuit boards.

7. ECMS provides two incentive mechanisms — Turnover Linked Incentive and Capex (Capital Expenditure) Incentive.

   • The Turnover Linked Incentive is applicable for 6 years, with an additional 1-year gestation period for setup.

   • The Capex Incentive is available for 5 years to support investments in plant, machinery, and advanced technology.

Other Key Measures to Promote the Electronics Sector in India

Alongside ECMS, India has launched several complementary policy measures to boost the electronics ecosystem.

• The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme provides incentives based on incremental production to encourage large-scale electronics manufacturing.

• The Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) supports investments in the semiconductor and component ecosystem.

• The Modified Electronics Manufacturing Clusters Scheme (EMC 2.0) aims to develop world-class infrastructure for electronics manufacturing clusters.

• The Electronics Development Fund (EDF) promotes innovation and R&D by supporting venture capital funds investing in electronics startups.

• The National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE 2019) provides a long-term policy roadmap to make India a global hub for electronics system design and manufacturing (ESDM).

India’s Electronics Sector: Current Overview

1. The electronics sector contributes approximately 3.4% to India’s GDP, highlighting its growing economic significance.

2. India’s electronics production has increased from ₹1.9 lakh crore in 2014–15 to ₹11.3 lakh crore in 2024–25, representing a six-fold growth.

3. Electronics exports have surged from ₹38,000 crore to ₹3.27 lakh crore during the same period, reflecting an eight-fold increase.

4. This sharp rise showcases India’s transition from an importer to an exporter in the electronics domain.

5. In 2024–25, electronics became India’s third-largest and fastest-growing export category, improving from the seventh position in 2021–22.

6. India is now recognized as the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer, after China, due to increased domestic production capacity.

The Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS), along with other supportive initiatives like PLI, SPECS, EMC 2.0, EDF, and NPE 2019, represents a comprehensive strategy to boost India’s electronics manufacturing ecosystem. Together, these efforts aim to enhance self-reliance, promote exports, and position India as a global leader in the high-technology and electronics manufacturing sector.

Turning Urban Challenges into Engines of Growth

1. A recent U.S. hike in H-1B visa fees has created an opportunity for India to attract global talent.

2. This shift highlights the need for India to develop livable and globally competitive cities that can retain skilled professionals.

India’s Urban Potential and Current Status

1. Indian cities already act as major economic engines driving national growth.

2. Only 15 Indian cities contribute nearly 30% of India’s GDP, underscoring their economic significance.

3. Strengthening these cities could add around 1.5% to national GDP growth annually.

4. India possesses the world’s second-largest urban system, after China.

5. By 2036, it is projected that 40% of India’s population will live in urban areas, making urban management critical for sustainable growth.

Major Urban Challenges

1. Pollution and mobility are among the most pressing urban challenges.

2. Six out of the ten most polluted cities globally are in India, due to vehicular emissions and construction dust.

3. Solid waste management remains inadequate, with only 26% of collected solid waste scientifically treated.

4. A significant portion of mixed waste remains uncollected, worsening health and sanitation conditions.

5. Water scarcity is another major issue, as 40–50% of piped water is lost due to leakages and inefficiencies in distribution networks.

6. Urban density and housing shortages also pose critical concerns.

7. The affordable housing deficit could triple to 31 million units by 2030, worsening urban sprawl.

8. A major cause of sprawl is India’s low Floor Space Index (FSI), which restricts vertical construction.

   • Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is the ratio of a building’s total built-up area to the size of the plot on which it is built.

9. Other challenges include traffic congestion, poor urban mobility, weak local governance, and outdated regulations, as highlighted by NITI Aayog.

Proposed Way Forward

1. Tackling Pollution and Improving Mobility

• Electrification of public transport should be prioritized to reduce vehicular emissions.

• The government could incentivize high-performing cities through a competitive Urban Challenge Fund to encourage innovation in clean mobility.

2. Addressing Water Scarcity

• Cities should expand recycling and rainwater harvesting systems to ensure water sustainability.

• Adoption of rational water pricing models such as “pay as you use” can encourage efficient consumption.

3. Managing Urban Density and Housing

• Increasing the Floor Space Index (FSI) can promote vertical development and reduce horizontal urban sprawl.

• India can adopt sustainable urban models like Singapore’s green city approach, which balances density with livability.

• Drawing from Sao Paulo and Tokyo, developers could receive height allowances in exchange for investments in social housing or transit infrastructure.

4. Strengthening Urban Governance and Capacity

• Devolution of powers and finances to city governments is essential for effective local governance.

• Municipal revenues can be improved through property tax reforms, digitized land records, and Land Value Capture mechanisms.

  • Land Value Capture is a tool where governments recover a portion of the increase in land value resulting from public infrastructure projects — as successfully practiced in Hong Kong.

India’s urban transformation requires converting challenges into growth opportunities through policy reforms and global best practices. By building clean, efficient, and inclusive cities, India can attract global talent, boost productivity, and turn its urban centers into engines of sustainable economic growth.

Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas (MAHA) – MedTech Mission

1. The Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas (MAHA) – MedTech Mission has been launched by the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF).

2. The mission is implemented in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

About ANRF (Anusandhan National Research Foundation)

1. The ANRF has been established under the ANRF Act, 2023 as an apex body for guiding and promoting scientific research in India.

2. It provides high-level strategic direction to research and innovation activities across various sectors.

3. The creation of ANRF is in line with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes research and innovation-driven development.

About MAHA–MedTech Mission

1. The aim of the MAHA–MedTech Mission is to accelerate innovation in India’s medical technology (MedTech) sector.

2. It seeks to reduce India’s dependence on high-cost imports of medical devices.

3. The mission also aims to promote equitable access to affordable and high-quality medical technologies across the country.

Funding Support under the Mission

1. The mission will provide funding support to a broad range of entities including academic and R&D institutions, hospitals, startups, MSMEs, and the MedTech industry.

2. It will also support collaborative projects between these entities to promote cross-sector innovation.

3. Funding will follow a milestone-linked model, ensuring accountability and progress-based disbursement.

4. The funding amount will range from ₹5 crore to ₹25 crore per project, and can go up to ₹50 crore in exceptional cases.

Enabling and Support Mechanisms

1. The mission will strengthen innovation ecosystems through national initiatives offering intellectual property, regulatory, and clinical support.

2. The Patent Mitra initiative will assist innovators in IP (Intellectual Property) protection and technology transfer.

3. The MedTech Mitra initiative will provide regulatory guidance and help in obtaining clearances for medical devices.

4. A dedicated Clinical Trial Network will support clinical validation and evidence generation for new technologies.

Focus Technology Areas

1. The mission will focus on innovative medical devices and In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD).

   • In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) refers to tests performed on samples like blood or tissue taken from the human body to detect diseases or monitor health.

2. It will also emphasize high-end frontier technologies, often referred to as Deep Tech innovations.

3. These include advanced imaging systems, radiotherapy equipment, robotics, minimally invasive technologies, implants, and AI/ML-enabled (Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning) platforms.

India’s MedTech Sector: Current Landscape

1. The MedTech sector in India is recognized as a sunrise sector, meaning it has high potential for growth and innovation.

2. The current market size of the sector is approximately $14 billion.

3. It is projected to grow to $30 billion by 2030, driven by domestic innovation and global demand.

4. India’s medical device exports have crossed the $4 billion mark, reflecting the country’s growing global competitiveness.

5. India now ranks as the fourth-largest medical devices market in Asia, after Japan, China, and South Korea.

Government Policies Supporting MedTech Growth

1. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme supports large-scale domestic manufacturing of medical devices.

2. The Promotion of Research and Innovation in Pharma MedTech Sector (PRIP) Scheme aims to foster R&D and technological advancement.

3. The National Medical Device Policy provides a comprehensive framework for regulatory simplification and sectoral growth.

4. The establishment of Medical Device Parks promotes cost-effective cluster-based manufacturing with shared infrastructure.

The MAHA–MedTech Mission represents a major step toward making India self-reliant in medical technology innovation. By integrating research funding, regulatory support, and deep-tech innovation, the mission aims to transform India into a global MedTech hub. Ultimately, this initiative aligns with the vision of “Atmanirbhar Bharat”, ensuring affordable, accessible, and advanced healthcare technologies for all.

Constitutional Morality: A Tool to Combat Social Evils

1. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar emphasized that disparities and inequities in society can be addressed through the principle of constitutional morality.

2. He explained that constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment, but a value that must be consciously cultivated among citizens and institutions.

What is Constitutional Morality?

1. Constitutional morality means adherence to constitutional norms not just in letter (legal provisions) but also in spirit (underlying values).

2. It ensures that both the State and citizens act within the framework of the Constitution, respecting its ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

3. British historian George Grote described constitutional morality as a balance between freedom and restraint.

4. According to him, it implies that citizens must obey constitutional authorities but also have the freedom to question and criticize them within constitutional bounds.

5. Thus, it safeguards democratic accountability while maintaining constitutional order.

Constitutional Basis of Constitutional Morality

1. The concept is enshrined throughout the Indian Constitution as a guiding moral framework.

2. It draws strength from Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35), which protect individual liberty and equality.

3. It is reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36–51), which guide the State toward social and economic justice.

4. The Preamble embodies the spirit of constitutional morality, emphasizing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

5. Fundamental Duties (Article 51-A) further reinforce the citizens’ obligation to uphold constitutional values in public life.

Significance of Constitutional Morality

1. It transforms constitutional guarantees into tangible justice for every citizen.

2. It acts as a moral compass ensuring that laws, institutions, and governance uphold the spirit of equality and inclusion.

3. It helps protect minority rights, promote social harmony, and foster inclusiveness in a rapidly changing society.

4. By balancing constitutional principles with social realities, it serves as a foundation for ethical governance and progressive social reform.

How Courts Have Used Constitutional Morality to Bring Social Change

1. Women’s Equality and Religious Freedom

• In Indian Young Lawyers Association vs. State of Kerala (2018), known as the Sabarimala case, the Supreme Court struck down the ban on entry of menstruating women into the Sabarimala temple.

• The Court held that such exclusion violated constitutional morality, as it went against gender equality and dignity guaranteed by the Constitution.

2. Right to Privacy and Human Dignity

• In K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court recognized the Right to Privacy as a Fundamental Right under Article 21.

• The Court stated that constitutional morality requires protection of individual dignity, autonomy, and freedom, even against the State.

3. LGBTQ+ Rights and Social Transformation

• In Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court struck down Section 377 of the IPC, which criminalized homosexuality.

• The judgment upheld constitutional morality over societal morality, affirming that individual choice and identity cannot be constrained by social prejudices.

4. Gender Equality in Marriage

• In Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court decriminalized adultery by striking down Section 497 of the IPC.

• The Court ruled that treating women as property of husbands violated constitutional morality and the principle of individual autonomy and equality.

Constitutional morality thus acts as a moral foundation guiding India’s democracy beyond mere legality. It enables the judiciary and citizens to uphold justice, equality, and human dignity even when societal norms lag behind constitutional ideals.

As envisioned by Dr. Ambedkar, the cultivation of constitutional morality is essential for preserving democracy and eliminating deep-rooted social evils in India.

IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 Report: Western Ghats Categorised as “Significant Concern”

1. The IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 report has categorised the Western Ghats as being of “Significant Concern”.

2. Along with the Western Ghats, Assam’s Manas National Park and West Bengal’s Sundarbans National Park have also been placed under the same category.

About IUCN World Heritage Outlook

1. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) prepares the World Heritage Outlook to assess the conservation prospects of all World Heritage Sites inscribed for their natural values.

2. The report evaluates the current state of conservation, pressures, and management effectiveness of these sites.

3. The outlook classifies sites into four categories — Good, Good with Some Concerns, Significant Concern, and Critical.

4. A site marked as “Significant Concern” means that its ecological values and attributes face multiple current or potential threats.

5. Such sites require urgent and additional conservation measures to prevent further degradation.

About the Western Ghats

1. The Western Ghats are a chain of ancient mountains, older than the Himalayas, running parallel to India’s western coast.

2. They extend over a length of about 1,600 km, forming a continuous range from Gujarat to Tamil Nadu.

3. The range spans six Indian states — Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.

Ecological and Environmental Significance

1. The Western Ghats are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots.

   • A biodiversity hotspot refers to a region with high levels of endemic species (found nowhere else) that are under serious threat from human activities.

2. The Western Ghats are also listed among the world’s eight ‘hottest hotspots’ for biodiversity.

3. They are home to around 325 globally threatened species, according to the IUCN Red List, including the Nilgiri Tahr, an endangered mountain goat species.

4. The range represents the best example of non-equatorial tropical evergreen forests, which are dense and evergreen throughout the year.

5. The Western Ghats play a vital role in influencing India’s monsoon patterns by intercepting southwest monsoon winds.

6. They act as a natural climatic barrier, moderating the tropical climate of peninsular India and sustaining river systems originating from the hills.

Threats to the Western Ghats

1. Infrastructure Development

• The region faces extensive infrastructure pressure due to hydropower projects, roads, and urban expansion.

• Examples include the proposed Sillahalla Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project in the Nilgiris, which could disturb fragile ecosystems.

2. Land Use Conversion

• Large portions of the Ghats have been converted into agricultural land for tea, coffee, rubber, and oil palm plantations.

• Additional areas have been cleared for livestock grazing, reservoirs, and road construction, leading to habitat fragmentation.

3. Human–Wildlife Conflict

• High population density and expanding agriculture in the region have led to increased human–wildlife conflict.

• Wild animals often enter farmlands and settlements, leading to loss of crops, livestock, and human injuries, intensifying conservation challenges.

4. Climate Change

• Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are forcing species to shift their habitats.

• For instance, the Nilgiri flycatcher, a high-altitude bird species, is being pushed from warmer lowlands to cooler highlands.

5. Invasive Alien Species

• Invasive alien species, such as eucalyptus and acacia, are colonizing natural forests of the Western Ghats.

• These species outcompete native flora, deplete soil moisture, and alter natural forest composition.

The “Significant Concern” tag by IUCN reflects the urgent need for stronger conservation efforts in the Western Ghats. Protecting this region is critical for India’s ecological stability, climate regulation, and biodiversity conservation. Coordinated action among governments, communities, and conservation organizations is essential to preserve the ecological integrity of the Western Ghats.

UN Convention against Cybercrime Signed by 72 Nations in Hanoi, Việt Nam

1. A total of 72 nations have signed the UN Convention against Cybercrime in Hanoi, Việt Nam.

2. It is the world’s first legally binding global convention designed to prevent and respond to cybercrimes.

3. The convention was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2024.

4. It will enter into force 90 days after ratification by at least 40 UN member states.

About the UN Convention against Cybercrime

1. The convention provides the first global framework for electronic evidence management.

   • Electronic evidence refers to digital data or information stored or transmitted through electronic devices that can be used in criminal investigations.

2. It establishes a global standard for the collection, sharing, and use of electronic evidence for all serious offences.

3. It is also the first global treaty to criminalize cyber-dependent crimes and cyber-enabled offences such as online fraud and online child sexual abuse.

4. The convention specifically addresses the online exploitation and grooming of children, a growing digital threat.

5. For the first time, it recognizes the non-consensual dissemination of intimate images as an offence, marking a major step in digital rights protection.

6. It establishes a global 24/7 Cooperation Network enabling countries to initiate immediate cross-border cooperation on cybercrime investigations.

Understanding Cybercrimes

1. Cybercrime refers to any criminal activity that involves a computer, network, or digital device.

2. Cybercrimes are broadly divided into two categories — cyber-enabled crimes and cyber-dependent crimes.

   • Cyber-enabled crimes are traditional crimes such as trafficking, fraud, and incitement to violence or hate, which are now conducted online.

   • Cyber-dependent crimes are crimes that can only be committed using digital technology such as phishing, identity theft, malware attacks, and ransomware deployment.

     • Phishing refers to fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information such as passwords or credit card details through deceptive emails or websites.

     • Ransomware is a type of malware that locks users out of their systems or data until a ransom is paid.

Global Threat and Significance

1. Cybercrimes transcend geographical boundaries, making them difficult to track and prosecute under national laws.

2. They target information systems, networks, and individuals with unprecedented speed and sophistication.

3. Regions such as Southeast Asia have been described as “ground zero” for organized cybercrime operations due to high digital growth and weak cross-border enforcement.

4. The convention thus provides a common international legal framework to enhance trust, cooperation, and capability among nations in tackling cyber threats.

The UN Convention against Cybercrime represents a historic milestone in the global fight against digital crimes. It reinforces the principle of digital accountability and international cooperation in ensuring a safe and resilient cyberspace.

Government Releases Draft Guidelines for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

1. The Government of India has released Draft Guidelines for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) to promote cleaner coal utilisation.

2. The guidelines outline detailed procedures for the preparation of mining and mine closure plans specific to UCG blocks.

3. They also include protocols for pilot feasibility studies, groundwater monitoring, and post-mining land rehabilitation.

4. To ensure scientific and environmentally responsible mine closure, companies will be required to maintain an escrow account with the Coal Controller Organization (CCO).

About Coal Controller Organization (CCO)

1. The CCO, under the Ministry of Coal, is the statutory body responsible for collecting and maintaining coal production data from both public and private coal mines in India.

2. The organization also serves as an appellate authority for disputes between consumers and mine owners regarding the grade and size of coal declared by producers.

What is Coal Gasification?

1. Coal Gasification is a thermochemical process that converts solid coal into syngas, a gaseous mixture primarily composed of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄).

2. The process involves partial oxidation of coal at high temperature and pressure in a controlled environment.

3. It is often integrated with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies to minimize CO₂ emissions, making the process more environmentally sustainable.

4. The produced syngas (synthetic gas) can be further used for power generation, methanol and ammonia production, urea synthesis, and even the creation of liquid fuels through chemical conversion.

5. Thus, coal gasification enables cleaner and value-added utilisation of India’s abundant coal reserves.

Challenges in Coal Gasification Technology

1. The technology faces the challenge of high project costs due to the capital-intensive nature of gasifiers, CO₂ capture units, and purification systems.

2. Technology adoption is difficult because global gasification systems are typically designed for low-ash coal, while India’s domestic coal is high in ash content.

3. This makes adaptation of technology to Indian conditions technically complex and economically expensive.

4. Uncertain coal supply and the absence of long-term supply agreements often hinder operational stability of gasification units.

5. Input costs — including coal, oxygen, and water — are significantly high, making domestic coal gasification less competitive than the use of imported LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) or natural gas.

Way Forward for UCG in India

1. Advancing to Commercial Scale

• The government should focus on scaling up pilot projects to commercial production through public–private partnerships and technology collaborations.

2. Ensuring Long-Term Viability

• A stable policy framework ensuring assured coal supply and clear regulatory mechanisms will enhance investor confidence.

3. Promoting Sustainability

• Integration of Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) technology can significantly reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental performance of UCG projects.

4. Strengthening Policy Push

• The government can provide Viability Gap Funding (VGF) — a financial support mechanism for projects with high social but low commercial returns — to attract private investment.

• Dedicated auction mechanisms for UCG blocks and preferential policy support can further accelerate sectoral growth.

5. Focusing on Technology Fit

• Adoption of Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasification (CFBG) technology can help efficiently process India’s high-ash coal due to its superior combustion control and fuel flexibility.

The Draft UCG Guidelines mark a strategic step toward cleaner and more efficient coal utilization in India. With the right mix of technology adaptation, financial incentives, and environmental safeguards, India can transform UCG into a key pillar of its energy transition strategy.

Coffee: India’s Growing Global Recognition

1. The Prime Minister recently highlighted that Indian coffee is steadily gaining global popularity due to its unique flavor and quality.

2. India is currently the seventh-largest coffee producer in the world, reflecting its growing strength in the global coffee market.

3. Around 70% of the coffee produced in India is exported, indicating the sector’s export-driven nature.

4. During 2024–25, coffee exports earned approximately $1.80 billion in foreign exchange for the country.

Key Coffee Growing Regions in India

1. Karnataka is the leading coffee-producing state, with major coffee belts in Chikmagalur, Coorg, and Hassan.

2. Tamil Nadu follows, with important coffee-growing areas such as Pulney Hills, Shevaroy Hills, Nilgiri Hills, and Annamalai Hills.

3. Kerala also contributes significantly through regions like Wayanad, Travancore, and Malabar, known for their high-quality beans.

Soil and Growing Conditions

1. Coffee grows best in deep, fertile soils that are rich in organic matter and well-drained to prevent waterlogging.

2. The ideal soil pH for coffee cultivation is slightly acidic (6.0–6.5), which enhances nutrient absorption by roots.

3. Coffee thrives on gentle to moderate slopes, which facilitate natural drainage and protect plants from water stagnation.

4. The optimal temperature range for coffee cultivation lies between 15°C and 30°C.

5. An annual rainfall of 1,000–2,500 mm is suitable for robust and consistent coffee yields.

Types of Coffee Grown in India

1. India primarily cultivates two main types of coffee — Arabica and Robusta.

2. Arabica coffee is known for its mild flavor, pleasant aroma, and lower caffeine content, making it globally preferred for premium blends.

3. Robusta coffee, on the other hand, has a stronger flavor, higher caffeine content, and is more resistant to pests and diseases, making it ideal for commercial production.

Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025

1. The Government of India announced the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025, the highest recognition for outstanding and inspiring contributions by scientists, technologists, and innovators.

2. The award celebrates achievements in diverse fields of science, technology, and technology-led innovation, promoting excellence and innovation nationwide.

Categories of Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar

The award is conferred under four distinct categories, each recognizing specific contributions in science and technology.

1. Vigyan Ratna (VR) honors lifetime achievements and significant contributions in any field of science and technology.

2. Vigyan Shri (VS) recognizes distinguished contributions by individuals in any area of science and technology.

3. Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (VY-SSB) is aimed at encouraging and recognizing young scientists for their potential and innovation.

4. Vigyan Team (VT) acknowledges exceptional teamwork in scientific research and technology development.

Notable Awardee

1. Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar, a renowned physicist, was awarded the Vigyan Ratna (VR) posthumously in 2025.

2. He co-developed the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity, which is an alternative to Einstein’s general relativity.

3. The Hoyle–Narlikar theory also served as a counterpoint to the widely accepted Big Bang model, providing an alternative explanation for the origin and expansion of the universe.

The Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar not only honors individual excellence but also inspires future generations to contribute meaningfully to science, technology, and innovation.

National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

1. The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) recently released funds to Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) in Uttar Pradesh and Sikkim.

2. NBA is a statutory and autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, responsible for regulating biodiversity-related activities.

3. It was established in 2003 under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, to ensure conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.

4. The headquarters of NBA is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

5. Functions of NBA include facilitative, regulatory, and advisory roles on issues of conservation, sustainable use of biological resources, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use.

6. Complementary entities have been set up under the Biodiversity Act, 2002 and Biodiversity Rules, 2004 to support NBA’s functions.

7. These include State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) at the state level and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) at the local village level, ensuring grassroots participation in biodiversity governance.

Karakoram and Changthang Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS)

The Central government has received a proposal to redraw the boundaries of Karakoram and Changthang Wildlife Sanctuaries in Ladakh.

Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)

1. Karakoram WLS was established in 1987.

2. It is located in the Karakoram range of Ladakh, a high-altitude mountain range in northern India.

3. The sanctuary hosts fauna such as snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan wolf, ibex (wild goat), and wild blue sheep (Bharal).

4. Its flora includes alpine vegetation, medicinal plants, and cold desert flora, adapted to high-altitude, harsh climatic conditions.

Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)

1. Changthang WLS is located on the Ladakhi Changthang plateau in Leh district.

2. The region is ecologically significant for being home to high-altitude water lakes like Tso Moriri, Pangong Tso, and Tso Kar.

3. Its fauna includes snow leopard, Tibetan wild ass, and dark-necked crane, reflecting the unique biodiversity of cold desert ecosystems.

National Song (Vande Mataram)

1. The Prime Minister urged citizens to make the 150th year of the National Song memorable by carrying forward its values for future generations.

2. Vande Mataram was composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterjee, a prominent Indian novelist.

3. The song was originally part of Bankimchandra’s most famous novel, Anandamath (1882).

4. It holds equal status with Jana-Gana-Mana, the National Anthem of India, highlighting its importance in India’s national identity.

5. First sung by Rabindranath Tagore at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress held in Calcutta.

6. It was adopted as the National Song of India on 24 January 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of India, formalizing its official recognition.

Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (HEP)

1. The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (HEP) has recently undergone a test run, marking progress in its operational phase.

2. It is a Run-of-River (RoR) scheme, which generates electricity using the natural flow of the Subansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, with small pondage for limited water storage.

3. The project is located near North Lakhimpur, on the border of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, making it strategically important for regional power supply.

4. The project is being executed by NHPC Limited (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation), a central public sector undertaking specializing in hydroelectric power generation.

Dark Matter

1. Recent studies suggest that dark matter could explain the mysterious gamma-ray glow at the centre of the Milky Way, hinting at its presence and effects.

2. Dark matter is regarded as the invisible glue that holds the universe together, forming most of the mass in galaxies and galaxy clusters.

3. Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with electromagnetic force, meaning it neither absorbs, reflects, nor emits light, making it extremely difficult to detect.

4. Scientists estimate that dark matter constitutes about 27% of the Universe, highlighting its dominant role in cosmic structure.

5. Significance: Dark matter is believed to shape the cosmos, influencing the formation and organization of galaxies and other large-scale cosmic structures.

Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR)

1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently released the Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR) in April 2025, providing an update on global financial conditions.

2. The GFSR aims to provide a regular assessment of global financial markets and identify potential systemic weaknesses before they escalate into financial crises.

3. Key Findings: Tightened global financial conditions have caused a significant increase in global financial stability risks, indicating heightened vulnerability in markets.

4. Major geopolitical risk events, especially military conflicts, can trigger substantial declines in stock prices and lead to increases in sovereign risk premiums.

5. The IMF also publishes other key reports such as the World Economic Outlook and the Fiscal Monitor, which provide insights into global economic trends and fiscal policies.

Gyan Bharatam Mission

1. The Government has signed MoUs with 17 institutions to expand work under the ‘Gyan Bharatam’ Mission, aiming to preserve India’s manuscript heritage.

2. The mission’s vision is to preserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s vast manuscript heritage and revive its civilizational knowledge traditions for future generations.

3. A manuscript is defined as a handwritten composition on paper, bark, palm leaf, etc., that is at least 75 years old and holds significant scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.

4. Key objectives include digitizing and cataloging over 1 crore manuscripts across the country, ensuring their preservation and accessibility.

5. The mission also aims to establish a National Digital Repository of manuscripts, serving as a centralized platform for storage and research.

6. Advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Optical Character Recognition (OCR), and blockchain will be integrated for smart access, transcription, and provenance tracking of manuscripts.

7. The nodal ministry responsible for the mission is the Ministry of Culture, overseeing its implementation and coordination.

8. The mission’s strategic pillars include Scholarly Leadership, Technological Integration, Capacity Building, and Public Engagement, ensuring holistic preservation and outreach.

Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)

1. The Supreme Court has allowed the Centre to reconsider the AGR issue, giving the government flexibility on its stance.

2. AGR is defined as the profits of telecommunications operators from both telecom and non-telecom services, including interest earnings, funds, and dividend increases.

3. The issue with AGR’s definition arises because companies argue that AGR should only include revenues generated from telecom services.

4. Telecom companies contend that non-telecom revenues should be excluded from AGR calculations to ensure fair assessment of dues.

National Seeds Corporation

1. The Union Agriculture Minister inaugurated the National Seeds Corporation’s state-of-the-art seed processing plant, enhancing the supply of quality seeds.

2. The primary objective of National Seeds Corporation is to promote and develop the seed industry in India, ensuring supply of quality seeds and other agricultural inputs/services to enhance agricultural productivity.

3. It functions under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, overseeing policies and programs related to seeds and agro-inputs.

4. The corporation was established in 1963 to strengthen the national seed sector.

5. It is a Schedule ‘B’, Miniratna Category-I corporation, meaning it is wholly owned by the Government of India and enjoys certain financial and operational autonomy.

Panda Diplomacy

1. China sent its golden monkeys to France and Belgium, promoting scientific research and wildlife conservation collaborations.

2. The Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey, also called the Sichuan golden-snub monkey, is an Afro-Eurasian primate native to central and southwestern China, known for its striking golden fur.

3. Panda Diplomacy refers to the practice of the Chinese government gifting or loaning giant pandas to other countries, symbolizing friendship, goodwill, and strengthening diplomatic relations.

4. Similar wildlife diplomacy practices exist in other countries, such as Orangutan diplomacy in Malaysia, Koala diplomacy in Australia, and Elephant diplomacy in Thailand.

UAE Consensus

1. A recent UN report highlights the UAE Consensus as a key milestone advancing the global clean energy transition, emphasizing international cooperation on climate action.

2. The UAE Consensus was adopted at COP28 in 2023, marking the first-ever Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement, which is a periodic review to assess collective progress on climate goals.

3. It urges nations to transition away from fossil fuels in a just, fair, and balanced manner, ensuring equity for all countries during the energy shift.

4. The Consensus sets clear goals to triple renewable energy capacity and double energy efficiency by 2030, promoting sustainable energy use and reducing dependence on carbon-intensive fuels.

5. It calls for greater climate finance support and financial reforms to assist vulnerable nations, enabling adaptation to climate impacts and resilience-building.

6. The UAE Consensus reinforces the global goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C and achieving net zero emissions by 2050, supporting long-term climate stability.

Burevestnik Missile

1. Russia has successfully tested its nuclear-powered and nuclear-capable Burevestnik missile, demonstrating advancement in its strategic weapon systems.

2. The Burevestnik missile, also called SSC-X-9 Skyfall, is one of six strategic weapons in Russia’s new-generation nuclear arsenal, highlighting its importance in modern defense strategy.

3. It is a long-range, low-flying, nuclear-powered cruise missile, capable of extended flight without refueling.

4. A cruise missile is powered by jet engines that allow continuous flight throughout its journey, distinguishing it from ballistic missiles that follow a parabolic trajectory.

Digital Arrest

1. The Supreme Court orally suggested tasking the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) with probing the menace of digital arrests, highlighting the need for a coordinated investigation.

2. Digital arrest is a scam designed to extort money from victims using fear, deceit, and intimidation, making it a cybercrime targeting individuals.

3. Fraudsters impersonate law enforcement officials in digital arrest scams, creating a false sense of authority to manipulate victims.

4. They use threats such as arrest, frozen bank accounts, and passport cancellations to coerce victims, forcing payment of a "fine" or "security deposit" to avoid supposed legal action.

Stablecoin

1. Japan has launched the world’s first yen-pegged stablecoin, marking a milestone in digital finance.

2. A stablecoin is a blockchain-based digital currency pegged to a fiat currency, such as the yen or the dollar, ensuring that its value remains stable and not volatile like typical cryptocurrencies.

3. The purpose of stablecoins is to enable faster, low-cost, and secure digital transactions, effectively bridging traditional finance and the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

4. Other key examples of stablecoins include Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC), which are widely used for trading and payments in the crypto market.

Keibul Lamjao National Park

1. A recent study links land use around Manipur’s Loktak Lake to water pollution, highlighting ecological concerns affecting the lake and its surrounding areas, including Keibul Lamjao National Park.

2. Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, renowned for its unique phumdis, which are floating islands of vegetation.

3. The lake has been designated as a Ramsar site since 1990, recognizing it as a wetland of international importance.

4. Loktak Lake has also been listed under the Montreux Record since 1993, due to ecological problems that threaten its biodiversity.

5. Keibul Lamjao National Park is located in the southern part of Bishnupur district and the eastern part of Thoubal district in Manipur, making it an integral part of the lake ecosystem.

6. The park was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1954 and upgraded to a national park in 1977, becoming the only floating national park in the world.

7. The largest area of phumdi in Loktak Lake is found within Keibul Lamjao National Park, supporting unique flora and fauna.

8. Key fauna of the park includes the brow-antlered deer (Sangai), hog deer, and otters, highlighting its ecological significance and conservation importance.

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