Daily Current Affairs - 6th September 2025
- TPP
- Sep 6
- 18 min read
Preparing for UPSC 2026 or State PCS? This compact roundup for 6 September 2025 brings you exam-ready current affairs with GS linkages, Prelims facts, and MCQ cues. Themes span Society & Culture, Economy, Environment, Science & Tech, Security, International Relations, and Governance—helping you revise faster and write sharper answers.
In today’s edition, mark 100 Years of the Self-Respect Movement (1925–2025)—its ideals of rationalism, equality, and Dravidian legacy. Track the ICIMOD report on renewable energy in the Hindu Kush Himalaya, Beas River floods & geography, and UPI’s revised transaction limits. Decode the WMO’s Air Quality–Climate Bulletin, winter fog crisis in the Indo-Gangetic plain, and the Great Nicobar Trunk Road SIA findings on tribal displacement.
Also on the radar: Technology Perspective Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025 for defence modernisation, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) challenges in AI, the Angikaar 2025 campaign under PMAY-U 2.0, WHO’s updated Essential Medicines List, the UNSC Taliban Sanctions Committee, SWIFT’s ISO 20022 adoption, advances in functional genomics for cancer, and the latest WHO update declaring Mpox no longer a global health emergency.
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100 Years of the Self-Respect Movement (1925–2025) |
The Self-Respect Movement was founded in 1925 in Tamil Nadu by E.V. Ramasamy, popularly known as Periyar.
Periyar was a prominent social reformer, who advocated for equality, rationalism, and the eradication of caste.
He was deeply influenced by earlier reformers like Jyotirao Phule and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Periyar also participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha, a significant anti-caste protest in Kerala demanding access to public roads for lower castes.
He published a Tamil weekly named Kudi Arasu, which served as a platform to spread reformist and rationalist ideas.
Objectives and Ideals of the Self-Respect Movement
The movement aimed to eradicate the caste system, which perpetuated social inequality and oppression.
It sought to encourage rational thinking, opposing blind faith and superstition rooted in religion.
A key objective was to challenge the dominance of Brahminical traditions, which upheld caste-based hierarchy and ritualism.
The movement’s core objectives were detailed in two important pamphlets: Namathu Kurikkol and Tiravitak Kalaka Lateiyam.
It emphasized rationalism, the belief that reason should guide human behavior rather than religious or traditional authority.
It also promoted equality and individual dignity, rejecting ritualism and social hierarchy based on birth.
Role of Women in the Movement
The movement recognized the importance of women’s leadership in the fight for social justice.
Two notable female leaders who emerged from the movement were Annai Meenambal and Veeramal.
Their leadership highlighted the movement's commitment to gender equality alongside caste reform.
Key Features and Reforms Introduced by the Movement
A major reform was the introduction of Self-Respect Marriages, which eliminated the need for Brahmin priests.
These marriages were based on mutual consent, and were later given legal recognition, reinforcing the principle of equality.
The movement actively worked for social upliftment of marginalized communities.
It strongly opposed the Devadasi system, a practice where young girls were dedicated to temples and often subjected to exploitation.
The movement also opposed caste discrimination in all forms, advocating for equal treatment and opportunity.
It supported the right of widows to remarry, challenging regressive societal norms.
Institutional and Political Impact
In 1929, Periyar organized the first Self-Respect Provincial Conference at Chengalpattu.
This conference was presided over by W.P.A. Soundara Pandian, a key supporter of the movement.
The movement encouraged the political awakening of non-Brahmins, helping them assert their rights and dignity.
It laid the foundation for Dravidian politics in Tamil Nadu, which emphasized social justice, regional pride, and inclusive governance.
The legacy of the Self-Respect Movement continues through welfare governance models and egalitarian policies in the state.
ICIMOD Report on Clean Energy Potential in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region |
The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has released a report on the clean energy potential of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region.
The HKH region spans eight countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
These nations are currently harnessing only about 6% of their total clean energy potential.
The region has an enormous but largely untapped renewable energy potential of over 3.5 Terawatts (TW).
Of this, 3 TW can be sourced from solar and wind energy alone.
The region also holds a hydropower potential of 882 Gigawatts (GW).
However, only 49% of this hydropower potential has been developed so far.
Most of the exploited hydropower is sourced from transboundary rivers (rivers shared by two or more countries).
Despite this potential, the energy mix in many HKH countries is still dominated by fossil fuels.
For example, India generates 77% of its electricity from fossil fuels.
In contrast, Bhutan and Nepal generate 100% of their electricity from renewable energy sources.
Barriers to Clean Energy Cooperation and Development
A major challenge is climate risk, including shifting river flows and extreme weather events.
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) – sudden floods caused by the failure of a glacial lake dam – pose a major threat to infrastructure.
These climate risks threaten nearly two-thirds of existing and planned hydropower projects in the region.
There are also economic and financial hurdles, such as high project costs and weak private sector investment.
Many countries in the region continue to depend heavily on fossil fuel imports, increasing their vulnerability.
A significant funding and infrastructure gap persists, hindering large-scale clean energy deployment.
Other barriers include land acquisition challenges, displacement of communities, and damage to fragile mountain ecosystems.
The region also suffers from a technology deficit, limiting the adoption of advanced renewable energy systems.
Recommendations for Advancing Regional Clean Energy Cooperation
The report calls for stronger regional cooperation to boost cross-border renewable energy trade.
This cooperation can be advanced through regional platforms like SAARC and BIMSTEC.
There is a need to integrate disaster risk reduction into energy planning and development.
Building climate-resilient energy infrastructure is essential to withstand floods, GLOFs, and other extreme events.
Energy strategies should diversify beyond large hydropower projects.
The region must also invest in solar, wind, small hydro, and smart grid solutions.
Smart grid solutions refer to digitally-enabled energy systems that improve efficiency, reliability, and integration of renewables.
Financial innovation is needed to attract private sector involvement and global funding.
Governments should scale up the use of green financial tools, such as green bonds.
Green bonds are debt instruments used to raise funds specifically for climate-friendly and sustainable projects.
The region should also tap into international climate finance mechanisms, like the Green Climate Fund.
Beas River – Recent Flood Situation and Geographical Overview |
The Beas River has recently overflowed, causing floods in parts of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
Due to the rising water levels, the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) was forced to release excess water from the Pong Dam.
Pong Dam is a large reservoir built on the Beas River in Himachal Pradesh, primarily used for irrigation, power generation, and flood control.
Geographical Details of Beas River
The Beas River originates at Beas Kund, located on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
The river flows for a length of 470 kilometers before joining the Sutlej River at Harike in Punjab.
Its important tributaries include the Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal rivers.
The Beas River plays a key role in shaping the valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
In ancient times, the Beas River was known by its Sanskrit name 'Vipasha'.
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) – Updated Transaction Limits and Key Features |
The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has revised the transaction limits for Unified Payments Interface (UPI).
The per-transaction limit for UPI has been increased to ₹5 lakh.
The cumulative transaction limit for UPI within a 24-hour period has been increased to ₹10 lakh.
These revised limits apply only to Person-to-Merchant (P2M) transactions made to verified merchants.
P2M transactions refer to payments made by an individual to a registered business or service provider.
Person-to-Person (P2P) transactions remain unaffected by the new change.
The transaction limit for P2P transactions continues to be ₹1 lakh per day.
About UPI
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant payment system that allows real-time money transfers.
It was developed in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
NPCI is an umbrella organization for retail payments in India, established under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
UPI enables immediate money transfer via mobile devices, and is available 24×7, 365 days a year.
It provides the convenience of Single Click 2-Factor Authentication, ensuring both speed and security.
2-Factor Authentication means the transaction requires two levels of verification — typically a UPI PIN and mobile device authentication.
WMO "Air Quality and Climate Bulletin" – Key Highlights |
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has released its "Air Quality and Climate Bulletin", emphasizing the strong interlink between air quality and climate change.
The Bulletin urges holistic action to safeguard human health, ecosystems, and economies.
PM2.5 Pollution: A Critical Global Concern
PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs.
PM2.5 is identified as a major global health risk, responsible for millions of premature deaths each year.
Due to effective environmental regulations, PM2.5 levels have declined in regions like North America, Europe, and East Asia.
In contrast, PM2.5 levels remain high in South Asia and high latitude regions.
In these high-risk areas, major contributors to PM2.5 include wildfires and industrial activities.
Impact of Shipping Emissions and MARPOL VI Regulation
The MARPOL VI regulation is a global maritime rule under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
It mandates a significant reduction in sulfur content in marine fuels, benefiting air quality and human health.
However, this has led to a slight increase in global warming, due to reduced formation of sulfate aerosols.
Sulfate aerosols are fine particles that reflect sunlight, contributing to a cooling effect on the climate.
Interconnection Between Air Quality and Climate Change
Certain air pollutants, such as ground-level ozone, act as greenhouse gases and contribute to atmospheric warming.
Ground-level ozone is formed by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Simultaneously, climate change itself affects air quality by altering chemical reactions, biogenic emissions (natural emissions from plants and soils), and human behavior.
Role of Aerosols in Climate Forcing
Aerosols are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, originating from both natural and human sources.
Dark aerosols, such as black carbon (soot from burning fossil fuels or biomass), absorb solar radiation and contribute to atmospheric warming.
In contrast, bright aerosols, such as sulfates, scatter sunlight and produce a temporary cooling effect.
Winter Fog Crisis in North India – Focus on Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
The Bulletin highlights the worsening issue of winter fog in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of North India.
This fog intensifies alongside rising air pollution, primarily driven by human activities.
Fog formation in this region occurs when moisture condenses on PM2.5 particles, which act as Fog Condensation Nuclei (FCN).
FCN are tiny particles that provide surfaces for water vapor to condense, leading to fog formation.
Temperature inversions in winter trap pollutants close to the surface, prolonging the presence of dense fog.
Temperature inversion is a meteorological condition where a layer of warmer air traps cooler air near the surface, preventing pollutant dispersion.
Factors like urbanization, emissions from brick kilns, and ammonium compounds further aggravate fog conditions.
This dense fog results in major transportation delays and causes severe respiratory health issues, such as asthma.
The fog water in the region is also reported to carry toxic compounds, raising serious health concerns.
About the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
The WMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN), focusing on meteorology, climate, hydrology, and related fields.
It was established in 1950 to promote international cooperation in weather and climate sciences.
The WMO headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
It comprises 187 Member States, including India, and 6 Member Territories.
The WMO oversees the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme, which coordinates global atmospheric monitoring networks.
Land Acquisition for Great Nicobar Trunk Road: Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Findings |
A Social Impact Assessment (SIA) report has found land acquisition for the Great Nicobar Trunk Infrastructure Road project to be beneficial.
The SIA was prepared by Atlas Management Consultancy Services (AMCS) Private Limited.
The project involves the diversion of 130 hectares of land located within tribal reserves.
About Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
SIA is a structured process involving research, planning, and management to assess the social consequences of development policies and projects.
According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2007), SIA helps understand changes arising from planned interventions.
Under the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013, conducting an SIA is legally mandatory.
The RFCTLARR Act requires an SIA for land acquisition by the government, in public-private partnerships, or for private projects undertaken for a public purpose.
The Act also mandates the preparation of a Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP) based on SIA findings.
Issue of Tribal Displacement and Development Projects
Developmental projects often lead to displacement in mineral-rich and forested regions where indigenous tribal communities reside.
Past examples of displacement include projects like the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the Ken-Betwa River Linkage.
Displacement leads to the loss of traditional livelihoods, especially those based on land and forest resources.
It also results in cultural erosion, where tribal identity, rituals, and social practices face extinction.
Affected communities often experience psychological distress and social disintegration due to forced migration.
Rehabilitation Policies and Challenges
Tribals displaced by land acquisition are eligible for rehabilitation and resettlement under laws such as the RFCTLARR Act, 2013.
However, the rehabilitation process faces challenges like inadequate compensation for land and property lost.
There is often a lack of meaningful participation by tribal communities in decision-making.
Bureaucratic delays, procedural hurdles, and instances of corruption further weaken rehabilitation efforts.
Towards a Holistic Approach Beyond Displacement and Rehabilitation
Tribal welfare requires moving beyond compensation and towards empowerment and self-governance.
The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996 gives Gram Sabhas decision-making authority over land and natural resources in tribal areas.
The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 recognizes the individual and community rights of forest-dwelling tribes over land and resources.
These laws ensure that tribal communities have legal control and a voice in development decisions affecting their land.
Role of Education in Tribal Development
Access to quality education is critical for long-term empowerment of tribal youth.
Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) provide free residential education to tribal children with a focus on cultural relevance and academic excellence.
Promoting Livelihood Diversification for Tribal Incomes
Many tribal families depend on Minor Forest Produce (MFP) for their livelihoods.
Van Dhan Vikas Kendras are established to promote value addition, branding, and marketing of MFP.
These Kendras help enhance tribal incomes, reduce dependence on exploitative intermediaries, and create local employment.
Comprehensive Development Through National Schemes
The Pradhan Mantri JANMAN Yojana (PM JANMAN) is aimed at ensuring the holistic development of tribal communities.
It integrates education, health, livelihood, housing, and infrastructure into a converged development strategy for tribal areas.
Technology Perspective Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025 – Ministry of Defence |
The Technology Perspective Capability Roadmap (TPCR) 2025 has been unveiled by the Ministry of Defence as a strategic modernization plan for the Indian Armed Forces.
It is a 15-year roadmap aimed at guiding long-term capability development and modernization across all Services.
TPCR 2025 provides a clear direction to the Indian defence industry to align with future technological requirements.
It significantly promotes self-reliance in defence through indigenization of critical military technologies.
TPCR 2025 builds upon its previous editions released in 2013 and 2018, showing a continued focus on modernization.
Technology and Warfare Trends
TPCR 2025 identifies that emerging technologies will fundamentally reshape the future battlefield.
Key disruptive domains include Cyber Operations, Information Dominance, Space Warfare, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Information Technology (IT).
Cyber Operations involve offensive and defensive actions in cyberspace to protect or attack information systems.
Information Dominance refers to the ability to collect, control, and exploit information faster and better than the adversary.
Space Wars include the use of satellites and space-based assets in both offensive and defensive military operations.
Public-Private Collaboration
TPCR 2025 stresses on the importance of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in defence technology development.
Stronger collaboration between the government and the private sector is essential for successful indigenization.
This collaboration will help accelerate the modernization of the Indian Armed Forces.
Key Technology Requirements
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Big Data
TPCR highlights AI and ML as vital for building intelligent, autonomous military systems.
It proposes development of Autonomous AI-Based Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) for tasks such as Mine Laying.
It also includes Deep Fake Detection Software to counter AI-generated misinformation threats.
2. Unmanned and Autonomous Systems
TPCR seeks deployment of Medium/High Altitude Long Endurance (MALE/HALE) Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPAs) with stealth capabilities.
MALE/HALE RPAs are drones that can fly at medium to high altitudes for long durations, typically used for surveillance and strike missions.
It also includes development of a Drone-Based Mine Delivery System, which automates the laying of landmines.
3. Cyber and Electronic Warfare (EW)
The roadmap calls for an Integrated Electronic Warfare (EW) System to detect, disrupt, or deceive enemy electronic systems.
It also prioritizes a Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV) designed for next-generation mechanized warfare.
TPCR proposes an Electronic Denial Bubble, a defensive zone that can block or disrupt enemy electronic and communication signals.
4. Nuclear Deterrence Measures
TPCR outlines development of Radiation Detection Tools to monitor and identify nuclear radiation threats.
It includes systems for nuclear decontamination, to reduce radiation exposure and clean affected areas.
It also proposes an Armoured Amphibious Dozer, which is a heavy-duty combat engineering vehicle capable of operating on land and water in nuclear-contaminated zones.
5. Naval Systems
TPCR seeks advancements in Naval Capabilities to strengthen maritime security.
It includes development of Aircraft Carriers, large warships that serve as seaborne airbases.
It also proposes Next Generation Corvettes, which are small, fast, and versatile warships for coastal operations.
The roadmap includes Nuclear Propulsion Systems for submarines and ships, enhancing underwater endurance and stealth.
Key Indian Projects for Defence Indigenization
1. MAKE Projects
TPCR highlights the MAKE initiative, aimed at achieving self-reliance in defence production.
The MAKE framework encourages participation of the Indian industrial ecosystem, including private companies.
Make-I projects are Government Funded, supporting the development of complex defence systems.
Make-II projects are Industry Funded, promoting innovation with no financial support from the government.
Make-III projects include systems not designed or developed indigenously, but are essential for capability building.
2. iDEX (Innovation for Defence Excellence)
TPCR supports the iDEX programme, launched in 2018, to boost innovation in defence through start-ups and MSMEs.
iDEX involves Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), academic institutions, and R&D organizations to co-develop military technologies.
3. Srijan Portal
TPCR emphasizes use of the Srijan Portal, an online platform for indigenization of high-value imported defence spares.
It helps Indian vendors identify defence equipment/components which need indigenous development.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Challenges in AI Development |
Tech firms are facing increasing legal scrutiny over Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the AI development process.
A recent copyright infringement lawsuit has been filed by authors against Apple for allegedly using their books to train AI models.
Such lawsuits raise complex legal and ethical issues in enforcing IPR in the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Key Challenges in IPR Enforcement on AI-Generated Content
1. Lack of Consent for Using Copyrighted Works
The use of copyrighted material without authorization in machine learning training is considered copyright infringement.
Machine Learning (ML) requires large datasets, often scraped from the internet, which may include copyrighted content.
However, restricting access to such data may negatively impact AI innovation and the free flow of information, which are essential for technological progress.
2. Authorship and Ownership Questions
There are ongoing legal debates around whether an AI system can be recognized as an author or inventor of creative or innovative works.
In a landmark case, South Africa granted a patent listing the AI tool “DABUS” as the inventor, sparking global legal discussion.
DABUS (Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience) is an AI system designed to autonomously invent and create.
3. Patentability of AI Systems
Determining the originality and novelty of AI-generated works is a significant challenge in patent law.
For instance, deepfakes, which are AI-generated synthetic media, complicate assessments of authenticity and innovation.
4. Ethical Concerns
Promoting AI’s role in creative outputs risks undermining the originality of human intellect.
This raises concerns about the erosion of human creativity, particularly in fields like art, literature, and music.
Need for Legal and Policy Reforms
There is a growing need to review and update IPR laws to address the challenges posed by AI-generated content.
Such reforms must balance the rights of AI developers, prevent monopolistic practices, and safeguard human creators.
Related Legal Provisions
India
In India, the Copyright Act of 1957 governs ownership of creative works.
The Act recognizes the human behind computer-generated work as the legal author.
However, it does not assign authorship to AI systems or software, leaving a legal vacuum for AI-generated works.
The Parliamentary Standing Committee has recommended creating a separate category for AI-based inventions under IPR.
It also called for a comprehensive review of patent and copyright laws to accommodate the rise of AI-generated innovations.
Global Provisions
Some countries, like the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand, have introduced provisions for copyright protection of computer-generated works.
These provisions allow protection even when no human creator is involved, acknowledging the evolving nature of creativity in the digital age.
Angikaar 2025 Campaign – Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) 2.0 |
The Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs has launched the Angikaar 2025 campaign.
This campaign is a part of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban 2.0 (PMAY-U 2.0).
PMAY-U 2.0 was launched in 2024 with the objective of providing all-weather pucca houses to eligible urban households.
The vision of PMAY-U 2.0 is aligned with the goal of ‘Housing for All’, ensuring dignified living for every urban family.
The Angikaar 2025 campaign is designed as a 2-month last-mile outreach initiative.
Its primary aim is to create awareness about PMAY-U 2.0 among beneficiaries and urban communities.
Last-mile outreach refers to efforts focused on reaching the final beneficiaries or most remote populations with government schemes.
WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines |
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released an updated version of its Model Lists of Essential Medicines (EML).
The updated list includes new treatments for cancers, diabetes, and obesity.
The Essential Medicines List (EML) serves as a core guide for countries to identify the minimum medicine needs of their health-care systems.
It helps ensure the availability of high-priority medicines at all times for all populations.
The EML aims to guide physicians in evidence-based and rational prescribing practices.
Evidence-based prescribing means choosing treatments based on clinical research, effectiveness, and patient need.
The list is reviewed and updated every two years by the Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines.
The first Essential Medicines List was published by WHO in 1977.
Taliban Sanctions Committee (TSC) |
The Taliban foreign minister’s visit to India was recently called off.
This cancellation was due to a travel ban imposed under United Nations Security Council (UNSC) sanctions.
These sanctions fall under the mandate of the Taliban Sanctions Committee (TSC).
The Taliban Sanctions Committee was established in 2011 by the UN Security Council.
This establishment followed the split of the earlier “1267 Committee” into two separate sanctions regimes.
The original 1267 Committee dealt with both Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
In 2011, it was divided into two committees: the 1267/1989 Committee for Al-Qaeda and the 1988 Committee for the Taliban, also known as the Taliban Sanctions Committee (TSC).
The key mandate of the Taliban Sanctions Committee is to oversee sanctions imposed on individuals, groups, and entities associated with the Taliban.
These sanctions are specifically related to the situation in Afghanistan.
The sanctions can include asset freezes, travel bans, and arms embargoes.
The Taliban Sanctions Committee comprises all 15 members of the United Nations Security Council.
The current chair of the committee is Pakistan.
SWIFT Messaging Network – India’s Adoption and Global Framework |
Indian banks are accelerating the adoption of the SWIFT messaging framework, particularly the ISO 20022 standard.
ISO 20022 is an open global standard for exchanging financial information electronically.
This standard enhances the efficiency, security, and compatibility of global financial communication.
About SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication)
SWIFT was established in 1973 by a group of 239 banks from 15 different countries.
Its primary purpose is to streamline and secure cross-border financial communication.
SWIFT is not a financial institution itself, but a secure messaging network used by financial institutions.
It facilitates global financial transactions by enabling message exchange between over 11,000 institutions in more than 200 countries.
The headquarters of SWIFT is located in Belgium.
Functional Genomics – Role in Cancer Treatment and Scientific Understanding |
Functional genomics is playing an increasingly important role in improving cancer treatment decisions.
It strengthens cancer therapy by showing how genetic variations behave within cells.
This helps in identifying whether a mutation is harmful (pathogenic) or harmless (benign).
About Functional Genomics
Functional genomics is the study of how the genome and its products, such as RNA and proteins, function and interact.
The genome refers to the entire genetic material present in the cells of an organism.
Functional genomics focuses on how genes and their products affect biological processes in the body.
The main purpose of functional genomics is to understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, i.e., the specific sequence of DNA.
Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type.
Mpox (Monkeypox) – Current Status and Overview |
The WHO Chief has declared that the Mpox outbreak in Africa is no longer a global health emergency.
Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease, meaning it is transmitted from animals to humans.
The disease is caused by the Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus.
Transmission occurs through close contact with infected people, animals, or contaminated objects.
Types of Mpox
There are two main types, or clades, of the Monkeypox virus.
Clade I is found in Central Africa and is usually more severe, though recent outbreaks have been less deadly.
Clade II is found in East Africa and was responsible for the global outbreak starting in 2022.
Clade II infections are generally milder and less fatal compared to Clade I.
Additional Information on Mpox
The incubation period—the time from exposure to symptom onset—is typically 5 to 21 days.
Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
In 2022, WHO declared Mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), a designation for serious global health risks.
As of now, there is no proven treatment specifically for Mpox.
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