Which women were members of the Constituent Assembly of India?

The women members of the Constituent Assembly of India mentioned here are Ammu Swaminathan, Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul, Annie Mascarene, Dakshayani Velayudhan, and Durgabai Deshmukh. Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua were freedom fighters but were not members of the Constituent Assembly.

Who were some prominent women members of the Indian Constituent Assembly?

Prominent women members included Ammu Swaminathan, Annie Mascarene, Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul, Dakshayani Velayudhan (the first Dalit woman member), and Durgabai Deshmukh. Other notable women associated with the Assembly debates include Hansa Mehta, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sucheta Kripalani, and Vijayalakshmi Pandit.

What is the Charyapada and why is its language considered linguistically unstable?

The Charyapada is a collection of Buddhist tantric verses composed between the 8th and 12th centuries by siddhas. Its language is considered linguistically unstable because it represents a transitional stage between Apabhramsha and early eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Assamese. The grammar is simpler and less standardized, reflecting the emergence of regional languages.

What is Sandhya-bhasha in the Charyapada?

Sandhya-bhasha, or twilight language, is a symbolic and coded style used in the Charyapada. Everyday imagery such as fishermen, farmers, rivers, and boats conceals deeper tantric spiritual teachings about inner realization and transformation of consciousness.

What is Tulughma in Mughal history?

Tulughma was a military formation used by Babur, notably in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). It involved dividing the army into flanking cavalry units that would wheel around and attack the enemy’s sides and rear, combined with artillery and defensive cart formations. This tactic was borrowed from the Ottomans and helped Babur defeat Ibrahim Lodi.

Why is the First Battle of Panipat (1526) significant?

The First Battle of Panipat, fought on April 21, 1526, between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, ended the Lodi dynasty and marked the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. Babur introduced field artillery, handguns, and innovative defensive-offensive tactics like the Tulughma formation.

What was the impact of the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)?

The Third Battle of Panipat (1761), fought between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas, resulted in a devastating Maratha defeat. The heavy casualties on both sides created a political power vacuum in India, which later facilitated the expansion and eventual conquest by the British.

Who was Al-Biruni and what was his contribution to Indian history?

Al-Biruni was a Persian scholar who came to India with Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century. He stayed in India to study its religion, science, philosophy, and society, producing detailed works such as 'Kitab-ul-Hind', which remains a valuable historical source.

Did Marco Polo describe the Delhi Sultanate during his visit to India?

No, Marco Polo did not describe the Slave (Mamluk) dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. He visited mainly South India in the late 13th century, especially the Pandya kingdom.

Who was Abdur Razzaq and why is he important?

Abdur Razzaq was a Persian traveler who visited the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Deva Raya II in the 15th century. His detailed account provides important historical insights into the political and cultural life of the Vijayanagara Kingdom.

Who wrote 'Travels in the Mogul Empire'?

'Travels in the Mogul Empire' was written by François Bernier, a French physician and traveler who visited India during the Mughal period. It was not written by Niccolò de’ Conti.

Daily UPSC Prelims MCQs - History & Culture - 25th April 2026

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Test your UPSC CSE 2026 preparation with today’s Indian History & Culture (Every Saturday) Quiz — covering Constituent Assembly of India, Tulughma, and more.

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