Daily Current Affairs - 11th April 2026
- Kaushal
- 4 days ago
- 17 min read
Updated: 7 hours ago
Comprehensive UPSC Current Affairs Summary | Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project Tariff Protocol, Government Securities & Bond Yield Dynamics, UN Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2026, Women’s Reservation Act Implementation, India’s Record Solar Capacity Addition, Project Glasswing AI Cybersecurity Initiative, Global Rise in Light Pollution, IUCN Status of Antarctic Species, Neuromorphic Sensor Innovation, Methanol Bunkering at Kandla Port, HFC Phase-Down & Methane Emissions, Morchella Mushroom Cultivation, Bangladesh Measles Outbreak and more.
Table of Content
INTERNATIONAL
SOCIAL ISSUES
MISCELLANY
Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project
India and Bhutan signed Tariff Protocol of Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project.
About Project
1020 MW Run of the river project on Punatsangchhu river.
Origin: The rivers Phochhu and Mochhu confluence to form the Punatsangchhu river in Bhutan.
It flows southerly to enter the Indian plains of West Bengal and is a tributary of Brahmaputra river.
G-Secs, T-Bills and Bond Yields
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has retained FPI (Foreign Portfolio Investor) limits for FY 2026–27 at 6% for Government Securities (G-Secs), 2% for State Government Securities (SGSs), and 15% for corporate bonds, indicating stability in India’s debt market policy.
About Government Securities (G-Secs)
Government Securities (G-Secs) are tradable instruments issued by Central and State Governments to borrow money from the public, offering interest (coupon) and principal repayment at maturity.
These are considered risk-free gilt-edged instruments (very low default risk due to sovereign guarantee).
There are two main categories: Treasury Bills (T-Bills) (short-term securities maturing in 91, 182, or 364 days) and Dated Securities (long-term bonds) with maturities ranging from 5 to 40 years.
Additionally, the RBI introduced Cash Management Bills (CMBs) in 2010, which are short-term instruments (less than 91 days) used to manage temporary cash flow mismatches of the government.
About Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
Treasury Bills are zero-coupon securities (do not pay periodic interest), instead issued at a discount and redeemed at face value, with the difference representing the investor’s return.
For example, a ₹100 T-Bill issued at ₹98.20 gives a return of ₹1.80 at maturity, illustrating discount-based earnings.
While the Central Government issues both T-Bills and bonds, State Governments issue only bonds, known as State Development Loans (SDLs).
The RBI conducts G-Sec auctions via its E-Kuber platform (electronic core banking system), where institutions like banks, insurance companies, and financial entities participate.
Bond Yield vs Bond Price (Inverse Relationship)
Bond yield (effective return) is calculated as Coupon ÷ Market Price, and unlike coupon rates, yields change with market price fluctuations.
There exists an inverse relationship between bond price and yield—when bond prices rise, yields fall, and when prices fall, yields rise.
For instance, a bond with ₹100 face value and ₹5 coupon (5% yield), if its price rises to ₹110, its yield falls to around 4.5%, and at ₹125, yield becomes 4%.
This happens because increased demand raises bond prices, while coupon payments remain fixed, reducing the effective return.
Bond yields tend to align with prevailing interest rates in the economy, adjusting through market demand and supply until equilibrium is reached.
As per RBI, if market interest rates rise, bond prices fall, and if interest rates fall, bond prices rise, reinforcing the inverse relationship.
Yield Curve and Economic Signals
A yield curve is a graph showing yields of bonds across different maturities, reflecting market expectations about the economy.
A normal (upward sloping) yield curve indicates economic growth, where long-term bonds offer higher returns.
A flat yield curve suggests slow or uncertain growth, with little difference between short- and long-term yields.
An inverted yield curve (long-term yields lower than short-term) signals a possible recession, reflecting expectations of declining future growth.
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
The RBI uses Open Market Operations (OMOs) (buying/selling of government securities) to manage liquidity in the economy.
When there is excess liquidity, RBI sells G-Secs to absorb money, while in tight liquidity conditions, it buys securities to inject funds into the system.
Such operations can impact yields, as increased supply of bonds (during sale) may push yields higher, while purchases may reduce yields, influencing overall monetary conditions.
QUESTION
Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018)
1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities.
2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer (c)
Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2026
The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) released the Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2026, highlighting the role of the Sevilla Commitment in reversing negative trends in global development financing.
Key Issues Highlighted
The report points to fragility in the global economy, characterised by a challenging macroeconomic environment (overall economic conditions) with significant downside risks.
It notes that one in four developing countries has per capita income below 2019 levels, reflecting slow recovery, while conflicts such as those in the Middle East are impacting energy prices and global trade.
A major concern is the financing squeeze, where developing countries face high borrowing costs and rollover risk (difficulty in refinancing existing debt), along with only marginal growth in tax revenues over the past two decades.
The report also highlights a more fragmented global system, affecting international financial cooperation, including changes in cross-border payment systems such as the emergence of alternatives to SWIFT.
Priority Actions and Recommendations
It calls for scaling up financing to bridge the estimated $4 trillion annual SDG financing gap, through strengthening domestic private sectors and economic diversification.
There is a need to align financial flows with sustainable development outcomes, ensuring that both public and private investments support national development priorities effectively.
The report emphasises strengthening resilience by building robust domestic institutions and integrating climate and disaster risk considerations into financial systems.
It recommends a multi-layered approach to cooperation, fostering stronger linkages between national development banks, regional institutions, and multilateral organisations.
The importance of multilateralism (cooperation among countries through global institutions) is stressed to ensure a predictable, rules-based international system, reducing risks and encouraging investment.
About Sevilla Commitment
The Sevilla Commitment was adopted at the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) held in Sevilla in 2025, with the aim of addressing the $4 trillion annual SDG financing gap in developing countries.
It includes 280 action points across the global financing framework, providing a comprehensive roadmap for reform.
The Sevilla Platform for Action (SPA) was also launched as a voluntary, multi-stakeholder mechanism to support the early implementation of the Sevilla Commitment.
Women’s Reservation in Legislative Bodies
The Prime Minister has emphasized that reservation for women in legislative bodies is the need of the hour, following the Union Cabinet’s approval of a draft amendment bill to operationalise the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam ahead of schedule, targeting implementation by the 2029 general elections.
To accelerate progress, the government has decided to convene Parliament for discussions, noting that any further delay could hinder the momentum of reforms in women’s political representation.
Additionally, proposals under consideration include increasing the strength of the Lok Sabha from 543 to 816 seats following a fresh delimitation exercise (redrawing of electoral constituencies based on population), along with vertical reservation (quota within quota) for women in SC/ST categories.
Background of the Reform
As per the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (2023), women’s reservation was to be implemented after delimitation based on the first Census conducted post-enactment of the law.
However, waiting for the 2027 Census could delay implementation, so the proposal suggests using the 2011 Census data to enable faster rollout of reservation provisions.
Significance of the Move
The reform is crucial for women empowerment, as greater participation in decision-making processes is essential for true empowerment.
It strengthens India’s democratic credentials by making governance more vibrant, participative, responsive, and future-ready.
It helps enrich legislative functioning, as inclusion of women brings diverse perspectives and improves quality of policymaking.
It also promotes substantive equality (real equality beyond formal provisions) by addressing the historical underrepresentation of women in politics.
Key Provisions of Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam
The Act was enacted in 2023 as the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, marking a major step toward gender inclusion in politics.
It provides one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
The reservation is also applicable within seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), ensuring inclusive representation.
The Act mandates rotation of reserved seats after each delimitation exercise, as determined by Parliament, to ensure fairness and wider participation.
It introduces new constitutional provisions, including Article 330A (reservation in Lok Sabha), Article 332A (reservation in State Assemblies), and Article 239AA (reservation in Delhi Assembly).
India’s Solar Energy Growth
India has recorded its highest-ever annual solar capacity addition of 45 GW in 2025–26, with leading contributions from Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu, reflecting rapid expansion in the solar sector.
Solar Energy Status in India
India’s cumulative solar power capacity has reached 150.26 GW as of 31 March 2026, marking an increase of 147.44 GW from 2.82 GW in 2014, indicating exponential growth.
Globally, India ranks 3rd in solar energy capacity, as per International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Renewable Energy Statistics 2025, showcasing its strong global position.
Reasons for Significant Progress
India’s progress is supported by regional suitability, as most regions receive 300–330 sunny days annually with an average solar radiation of 4–7 kWh per square meter per day, making it ideal for solar energy generation.
Favourable government schemes have played a key role, including the PM Surya Ghar Yojana (launched in 2024 for rooftop solar in one crore households, with 23.9 lakh installations by December 2025).
Other initiatives such as PM-KUSUM (solarisation of agriculture), National Solar Mission, and Solar Parks and Ultra-Mega Solar Power Projects have further accelerated capacity addition.
Efforts to boost domestic manufacturing through the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Solar PV (photovoltaic modules) have attracted ₹52,900 crore investment (as of September 2025), enabling gigawatt-scale manufacturing capacity.
India’s global leadership is evident through its role as a founding member of the International Solar Alliance (headquartered in Gurugram) and its initiative One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG) launched in 2018 to interconnect renewable energy grids globally.
About Solar Energy
Solar energy refers to energy harnessed directly from the Sun for applications such as electricity generation, heating, and water desalination.
It is generated mainly through Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems (which convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) (which uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight for large-scale power generation).
Project Glasswing and AI in Cybersecurity
Anthropic has announced Project Glasswing, an initiative aimed at using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to detect cybersecurity vulnerabilities, addressing the global shortage of skilled cybersecurity professionals and the rising volume of cyberattacks.
About Project Glasswing
Project Glasswing is a multi-company coalition involving major technology firms such as Amazon Web Services, Apple, Google, and Microsoft, reflecting global collaboration in cybersecurity.
Its primary aim is to secure critical global software infrastructure using advanced AI models like Claude Mythos Preview (a frontier AI model with capabilities potentially surpassing human experts in vulnerability detection).
The system is designed to autonomously identify “zero-day vulnerabilities” (previously unknown and unpatched software flaws) and generate code to fix them, improving response speed and security.
Such vulnerabilities are particularly dangerous as they are hard to detect and can be exploited before fixes are available, as seen in incidents like the WannaCry attack, which leveraged a zero-day exploit.
Applications of AI in Cybersecurity
AI enables advanced threat detection, using machine learning (algorithms that learn from data) to identify zero-day attacks and cyber threats in real time, such as phishing and spam detection.
It also supports predictive defence and malware analysis, allowing detection of hidden or encrypted malware and prevention of attacks like Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS—overloading systems with traffic).
Additionally, AI improves threat reporting, analyst skill enhancement, detection accuracy, and scalability, by automating repetitive cybersecurity tasks.
Challenges of AI in Cybersecurity
One key concern is adversarial attacks, where malicious actors use or manipulate AI systems to launch sophisticated cyberattacks.
Data privacy concerns arise because AI systems require large volumes of user data and system logs, raising issues related to surveillance, privacy, and regulatory compliance.
There are also ethical and legal challenges, including weak regulatory frameworks and difficulty in assigning accountability for AI-driven decisions.
Another risk is model poisoning, where attackers manipulate training data of AI systems, making them ineffective in detecting certain threats.
Light Pollution and Rising Night Sky Brightness
A recent study highlights that Earth’s night sky brightness has increased by about 16% (around 2% annually) between 2014–2022, due to the rise in Artificial Light at Night (ALAN—human-made outdoor lighting) driven by urbanisation, electrification, and infrastructure expansion.
Key Findings of the Study
There are significant regional variations, with sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia witnessing sharp increases in brightness, while Europe has seen deliberate dimming due to strict lighting regulations.
The brightest countries globally include United States, China, India, Canada, and Brazil, reflecting high levels of artificial lighting.
The study also identifies a “rebound effect”, where adoption of energy-efficient lighting such as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) has paradoxically increased overall light usage, as lower costs encourage more widespread illumination.
About Light Pollution
Light pollution refers to the excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive use of artificial outdoor lighting, which alters natural darkness.
It has serious health impacts, as it disrupts the circadian rhythm (body’s internal biological clock) and melatonin production (hormone regulating sleep), leading to sleep disorders.
It causes ecological disruption, affecting migratory birds, sea turtle hatchlings, and nocturnal wildlife, by disturbing their navigation, feeding, and breeding cycles.
Additional impacts include sky glow (brightening of the night sky), which hinders astronomical research, along with economic costs due to energy wastage and increased carbon emissions.
Key Initiatives to Address Light Pollution
India has established the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, designated in 2022 as the country’s first Dark Sky Reserve, covering a 22-km radius around the Indian Astronomical Observatory.
Located in Hanle within the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, the reserve aims to reduce light pollution, conserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable astro-tourism (tourism focused on stargazing).
Other initiatives include the Pench Dark Sky Sanctuary in Maharashtra and the adoption of smart lighting systems (efficient and controlled lighting technologies) to minimise unnecessary illumination.
Antarctic Species in News
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has updated the Red List of Threatened Species (global inventory assessing extinction risk), highlighting increased vulnerability of several Antarctic species due to climate and biological threats.
Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)
The Emperor Penguin has been reclassified as Endangered (earlier Near Threatened) due to the impacts of climate change (melting sea ice affecting breeding habitats).
It is the largest of the 18 penguin species and is adapted to extreme cold through layers of scale-like feathers (insulation) and large reserves of body fat (energy storage and heat retention).
Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella)
The Antarctic Fur Seal is now classified as Endangered (earlier Least Concern), primarily due to climate change affecting food availability and habitats.
These are among the smallest seals, closely related to sea lions, capable of walking on all fours, and characterised by a thick fur coat for warmth (unlike other seals that rely mainly on blubber).
Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)
The Southern Elephant Seal has been listed as Vulnerable (earlier Least Concern) due to threats like avian influenza (bird flu affecting marine ecosystems).
It is the largest seal species and among the largest mammals on Earth after whales, with a thick layer of blubber (fat for insulation and energy storage) enabling survival in cold environments.
Neuromorphic Sensor
Researchers have developed a humidity-responsive neuromorphic sensor designed to enable smart environmental monitoring systems, marking progress in next-generation sensing technologies.
About Neuromorphic Sensor
A neuromorphic sensor is a device that mimics the functioning of the human brain, particularly in how it responds to environmental changes such as humidity.
It works by emulating biological neural systems (brain-like networks of neurons), integrating sensing (detecting environmental signals), memory (storing information), and processing (analyzing data) into a single compact device.
Significance of Neuromorphic Sensors
By combining sensing and signal processing in one unit, these sensors significantly reduce energy consumption compared to conventional electronic systems, which require separate components.
They also lower data-processing requirements, as information is processed locally within the sensor itself, enabling faster and more efficient real-time responses.
This makes neuromorphic sensors particularly useful for advanced applications such as environmental monitoring, smart devices, and AI-driven systems, where efficiency and speed are critical.
Methanol and Green Maritime Transition
Kandla Port has advanced methanol bunkering (process of supplying methanol fuel to ships), marking a significant step towards a green maritime transition (shift to cleaner shipping fuels).
Methanol bunkering involves the transfer of methanol fuel from storage or bunkering facilities to ships, enabling its use as an alternative marine fuel.
Kandla Port, located in Kutch, was the first major port developed in India after Independence, and continues to play a key role in maritime innovation.
About Methanol (CH₃OH)
Methanol (CH₃OH) is the simplest alcohol (organic compound with –OH group), which is water-soluble and readily biodegradable, making it relatively environmentally friendly.
It is also known as wood alcohol, and as a fuel, it has chemical and physical properties similar to ethanol, allowing its use in engines.
Methanol serves as an important chemical building block, used in the production of paints, carpets, fabrics, construction materials, and pharmaceutical products.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Methane
India’s HFC Phase-Down Policy
The Government of India has directed all authorities to stop granting environmental clearances for new or expanded Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) production after December 31, 2027, aligning with its international climate commitments.
This decision is consistent with the Kigali Amendment, which aims to phase down HFCs (powerful greenhouse gases used in refrigeration and air-conditioning).
India, a party to the Montreal Protocol (1989), initially worked to phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), achieving a complete ban by 2010.
In 2021, India ratified the Kigali Amendment (adopted in 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda), committing to a gradual phase-down of HFCs, which replaced CFCs but contribute heavily to global warming.
India’s phase-down schedule begins from January 1, 2028, with 10% reduction by 2032, 20% by 2037, 30% by 2042, and 85% by 2047, ensuring a gradual transition.
Accordingly, a freeze on new or expanded HFC production capacity will take effect from January 1, 2028, along with regulatory mechanisms to manage existing production.
Montreal Protocol to Kigali Amendment: Evolution
The Montreal Protocol (1989) was designed to protect the ozone layer, not originally to address climate change, by phasing out ODS like CFCs used in cooling systems.
Excessive use of these substances caused ozone depletion, including the formation of the ozone hole over Antarctica, which increased exposure to harmful radiation.
The Protocol is considered the most successful environmental agreement, having phased out about 98% of ODS and putting the ozone layer on track for recovery by mid-21st century.
ODS include chemicals such as CFCs, HCFCs, HBFCs, halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform, which release chlorine/bromine that destroy ozone molecules.
Over time, CFCs were replaced by HCFCs and later HFCs, which are ozone-friendly but highly potent greenhouse gases.
Since HFCs have very high Global Warming Potential (GWP—heat trapping ability)—about 2,500 times that of CO₂ on average—they were later brought under control through the Kigali Amendment.
The Kigali Amendment aims to reduce 80–90% of HFCs by 2050, potentially avoiding up to 0.5°C of global warming by 2100.
Countries are grouped with different timelines, with India in Group 2 (along with West Asian countries), targeting ~80% reduction by 2047, compared to earlier targets for countries like the US and China.
Ozone and Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)
Ozone (O₃) is a molecule of three oxygen atoms, mainly found in the stratosphere (10–50 km above Earth).
This “good ozone” layer protects life by absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause skin cancer and damage to plants and animals.
ODS are man-made gases that, upon reaching the stratosphere, undergo catalytic reactions that destroy ozone, weakening this protective layer.
Methane: A Potent Greenhouse Gas
Key Characteristics and Impact
Methane (CH₄) is the second most common greenhouse gas after CO₂, contributing about 17% of global emissions.
Although it has a short atmospheric lifespan (~12 years) compared to CO₂ (>100 years), it has a much higher warming potential—about 80 times stronger over 20 years.
Methane is responsible for over 30% of global temperature rise since the industrial revolution, making it a critical climate concern.
It is a colourless and odourless gas, making it difficult to detect without instruments.
Sources of Methane Emissions
Methane originates from both natural sources, such as wetlands (decomposition under water), termites, volcanoes, and wildfires.
Major anthropogenic (human-made) sources include:
Agriculture (~40%): livestock (manure) and rice cultivation
Fossil fuel sector (~35%): extraction and transport of oil, gas, coal
Waste management (~20%): landfills, sewage, organic waste decomposition
Global Frameworks for Methane Control
The Kyoto Protocol identified methane as one of six major greenhouse gases, imposing binding emission reduction targets on developed countries.
The Paris Agreement shifted to a voluntary, nationally determined contributions (NDCs) approach, with developed countries expected to lead.
At COP26, the Global Methane Pledge (GMP) was launched to reduce methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030.
At COP29 in Baku (Azerbaijan), over 30 countries endorsed the Declaration on Reducing Methane from Organic Waste, targeting emissions from food waste, agricultural residues, and sewage, which account for ~20% of anthropogenic methane emissions.
Overall Significance
Together, HFC phase-down (via Kigali Amendment) and methane reduction initiatives represent critical climate strategies, addressing both long-lived and short-lived greenhouse gases, thereby accelerating global efforts to limit temperature rise and achieve climate goals.
QUESTION 1 Consider the following: (UPSC CSE 2019)
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Methane
3. Ozone
4. Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer (d)
QUESTION 2 Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substances? (UPSC CSE 2015)
(a) Bretton Woods Conference
(b) Montreal Protocol
(c) Kyoto Protocol
(d) Nagoya Protocol
Answer (b)
Morchella (Morel) Mushroom
Scientists at SKUAST-Kashmir achieved controlled cultivation of rare morel mushrooms earlier limited to wild Himalayan forests.
About Morchella Mushroom
Edible fungi genus distinguished by a honeycomb-like cap.
Properties: Earthy flavor, high protein, antioxidants, and therapeutic medicinal properties.
Difficult to cultivate due to complex life cycle and specific ecological conditions.
Regional Names: Gucchi/Kanaguchhi/Kangaech/Chhatri.
Distribution: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand (Northern Western Himalaya).
It grows in high-altitude temperate forests during the short spring season.
Measles (Rubeola)
A recent measles outbreak in Bangladesh has resulted in the death of over 100 children, highlighting the continued public health threat posed by this highly contagious disease.
About Measles
Measles (Rubeola) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by an RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus, which spreads through airborne droplets (coughing/sneezing) and can remain infectious in the air for several hours.
It typically presents with symptoms such as high fever, runny nose, conjunctivitis (eye inflammation), Koplik spots (small white lesions inside the mouth), and a characteristic skin rash.
In severe cases, measles can lead to serious complications, including pneumonia (lung infection), encephalitis (brain inflammation), and even blindness, especially in children.
The disease is preventable through vaccination, primarily via the MMR vaccine (combined vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella), which is safe and effective when given in two doses.
India has set a target to eliminate measles and rubella by 2026, focusing on universal immunisation and surveillance.
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
The Centre has notified the Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Act, 2026, establishing a unified legal framework for personnel management across major CAPFs.
This Act regulates key aspects such as recruitment, deputation (temporary assignment to another post), promotion, and service conditions for officers in five CAPFs—CRPF, CISF, BSF, ITBP, and SSB, ensuring standardisation.
About CAPFs
The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) are a group of seven armed police organisations functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
These include Assam Rifles (AR), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), National Security Guard (NSG), and Seema Suraksha Bal (SSB).
Notably, while Assam Rifles is administratively under the MHA, its operational control lies with the Ministry of Defence, reflecting a dual-control structure.
All CAPFs are typically headed by officers of Director General of Police (DGP) rank, ensuring high-level leadership and coordination.
Comments