Daily Current Affairs - 17th & 19th January 2025
- TPP
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Updated: 13 hours ago
Comprehensive UPSC Current Affairs Summary | 18th India–Japan Strategic Dialogue, Japan–India AI & Economic Security Cooperation, Gaza Board of Peace Proposal, EU Anti-Coercion Instrument, Third Global Strategic Pole, Ombudsman Scheme 2026, Social Commerce Challenges, SC on Student Suicides & Judicial Removal Process, IDP AI Tool, High Seas (BBNJ) Treaty, Project Dolphin and more.
If you missed Monthly Current Affairs Pointers (CAP) | Nov - Dec 2025, read it here.Table of Content
18th India–Japan Strategic Dialogue held in New Delhi
During the dialogue, India and Japan reaffirmed the upward trajectory of their Special Strategic and Global Partnership, which represents comprehensive cooperation across strategic, economic, and global domains.
Both sides announced the launch of the “Japan–India Private-Sector Dialogue on Economic Security”, which is a Business-to-Business (BtoB) framework focused on economic resilience.
The BtoB Economic Security Dialogue will be launched within the first quarter of 2026.
One priority area under this dialogue is semiconductors, which are essential components for electronics and digital infrastructure.
Another priority area is critical minerals, which are key raw materials for clean energy technologies and advanced manufacturing.
The dialogue will also focus on Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which includes digital networks, data systems, and communication platforms.
Clean energy was identified as a priority to support energy transition and climate goals.
Pharmaceuticals were included to strengthen resilient healthcare and medical supply chains.
India and Japan agreed to establish the “Japan–India AI Strategic Dialogue” to institutionalize cooperation in artificial intelligence governance and innovation.
This AI dialogue will function under the Japan–India AI Cooperation Initiative (JAI), which is a bilateral framework for ethical and strategic AI collaboration.
As part of AI cooperation, Japan will invite 500 highly skilled AI professionals from India by 2030.
This initiative aims to promote joint research and innovation in artificial intelligence technologies.
Both sides also agreed on the early convening of the Joint Working Group (JWG) on Mineral Resources.
The JWG on Mineral Resources will coordinate cooperation on exploration, extraction, and mineral supply chain security.
India–Japan Relations
India and Japan upgraded their bilateral relationship to a Special Strategic and Global Partnership in 2014, indicating a high level of strategic trust.
Economic cooperation between the two countries is anchored in the India–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), which came into force in 2011.
The bilateral trade value reached US$ 22.85 billion in FY 2023–24, reflecting steady economic engagement.
Economic ties are further strengthened through the India–Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership (2021), which focuses on industrial and manufacturing collaboration.
In terms of trade structure, India imports nuclear reactors from Japan, supporting advanced energy and industrial needs.
India also imports copper and electrical machinery from Japan, which are vital for infrastructure development.
On the export side, India exports organic chemicals to Japan, which are used in pharmaceuticals and industrial processes.
India also exports vehicles and reactor-related components, reflecting growing manufacturing capabilities.
In the security domain, both countries signed a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation, which provides the foundation for defence collaboration.
India and Japan have concluded several defence agreements and pacts to enhance interoperability and information sharing.
The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, involving foreign and defence ministers, serves as a high-level strategic coordination mechanism.
The two countries conduct regular joint military exercises, beginning with JIMEX, which is a bilateral naval exercise.
Dharma Guardian is a joint army exercise aimed at enhancing tactical coordination.
MALABAR is a multilateral naval exercise involving Quad countries to strengthen maritime security.
MILAN is a multinational naval exercise hosted by India to promote regional naval cooperation.
In development cooperation, Japan is a key partner in the Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Project, India’s first bullet train initiative.
Japan also supports regional development through the India–Japan Act East Forum, which focuses on infrastructure and connectivity in India’s Northeast region.
Global Significance of India–Japan Relations
India and Japan cooperate to uphold a rules-based international order, which emphasizes international law and multilateral institutions.
Both countries jointly promote the vision of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), which supports freedom of navigation, connectivity, and regional stability.
India and Japan coordinate closely within the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), a strategic forum comprising India, Japan, the United States, and Australia.
Cooperation also extends to the United Nations, where both countries advocate institutional reforms.
India and Japan are members of the G4 grouping, along with Germany and Brazil, which seeks reform of the UN Security Council.
Both countries also coordinate within the G20, which is a forum of major economies addressing global economic governance.
In Africa, India and Japan engage in joint development initiatives through trilateral cooperation with African partners.
A key initiative in Africa is the Asia–Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC), which was launched in 2017 to promote connectivity and sustainable development.
Another initiative is the Japan–India Cooperation Initiative for Sustainable Economic Development in Africa, which supports infrastructure and capacity building.
India and Japan collaborate on de-risking the global economy, which involves reducing excessive dependence on single-country supply chains.
This effort is pursued through the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI), undertaken in partnership with Australia.
The SCRI aims to diversify supply chains, enhance resilience, and strengthen economic security in the Indo-Pacific region.
US Initiative on the ‘Board of Peace’ for Gaza
The US President has begun the formulation of the ‘Board of Peace’ for Gaza, marking a new diplomatic initiative to end the conflict.
The Board of Peace is a core element of the US 20-point Gaza Peace Plan, officially titled the Comprehensive Plan to End the Gaza Conflict.
The US 20-point Gaza Peace Plan received international legitimacy through endorsement by UN Security Council Resolution 2803 (2025).
Alongside the Board of Peace, the formation of the National Committee for the Administration of Gaza (NCAG) was initiated.
The NCAG is envisioned as a local administrative body responsible for civilian governance in Gaza during the transition phase.
The International Stabilization Force (ISF) was also initiated as part of the broader peace architecture.
The ISF is intended to provide security and stabilization support during Gaza’s transition from conflict to peace.
About the Board of Peace
The Board of Peace is proposed as an International Organization, meaning it would operate beyond the authority of a single state.
The Board is also designed as a Transitional Governing Administration, indicating its temporary role during Gaza’s post-conflict phase.
The proposed mandate of the Board of Peace includes overseeing the functioning of the NCAG and the ISF.
The Board is tasked with mobilizing international financial and technical resources for Gaza’s reconstruction.
Ensuring accountability and transparency during Gaza’s transition to peace and development is a core responsibility of the Board.
The membership structure of the Board of Peace reflects a leader-centric governance model.
The Chair of the Board of Peace is proposed to be US President Donald Trump.
The Executive Board is proposed to include world leaders and key global personalities.
An example of a proposed Executive Board member is World Bank President Ajay Banga, representing global financial institutions.
The Board has proposed potential global membership, with invitations reportedly sent to India, Argentina, Canada, Egypt, and Turkey.
Member countries may serve three-year terms without mandatory financial contribution, indicating flexible participation.
A paid permanent membership option is proposed for countries contributing a reported US$ 1 billion.
Broader Significance of the Board of Peace
The Board of Peace is being viewed as a new approach to resolving global conflicts, extending beyond Gaza and the Middle East.
The initiative reflects a shift toward minilateralism, which refers to cooperation among a limited number of influential actors.
It also indicates a move toward leader-centric institutions, where decision-making is concentrated among powerful leaders.
This approach contrasts with universal multilateralism, which emphasizes equal participation of all states, as seen in the United Nations.
Can the Board of Peace Be an Alternative to the United Nations?
A key argument in favour of the Board is efficiency and outcome-oriented action.
The Board’s limited and centralized structure allows it to be more result-driven than the UN’s consensus-based decision-making model.
The UN consensus model often delays action due to veto powers and prolonged negotiations among member states.
Another argument in favour is the diverse stakeholder approach adopted by the Board.
The inclusion of private sector experts alongside world leaders makes the Board a multi-dimensional governance platform.
This diversity may help ensure sustainable political, economic, and developmental outcomes.
Arguments Against the Board of Peace as an Alternative to the UN
A major criticism is that the Board may undermine international law and democratic representation.
The Board lacks the checks and balances provided by the UN General Assembly, where all member states have representation.
Sovereignty concerns arise because the Board may promote external trusteeship over conflict regions.
External trusteeship can reduce the local democratic voice and self-determination of affected populations.
The exclusionary nature of the Board is another significant concern.
The possibility of limited and paid membership may marginalize developing countries.
Such a structure risks weakening a balanced global order by sidelining the Global South, which refers to developing and less-industrialized nations.
EU’s ‘Bazooka’ or Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI)
The French President urged the use of the European Union’s trade ‘Bazooka’ for the first time in response to US tariffs on European countries.
This call was made amid a diplomatic and trade standoff over Greenland, which heightened tensions between the EU and the United States.
The EU’s trade ‘Bazooka’ is formally known as the Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI).
The Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI) is designed to address situations where a non-EU country interferes in the policy choices of the EU or its Member States.
Such interference occurs through the application or threat of measures affecting trade or investment.
The primary objective of the ACI is deterrence, which means preventing economic pressure before it escalates.
The ACI also aims to respond to the rising use of economic coercion, defined as using trade or investment restrictions to influence another country’s sovereign decisions.
One category of measures under the ACI includes import restrictions on goods and services entering the EU market.
The ACI also allows for export restrictions on goods and services from the EU.
Restrictions related to intellectual property rights can be imposed under the ACI to limit access to EU-protected technologies and innovations.
The instrument permits restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI), which refers to cross-border investments intended to establish lasting business interests.
The ACI can also impose limitations on access to the EU market, which is one of the largest single markets globally.
Collectively, these measures enable the EU to defend its economic sovereignty and policy autonomy against external coercive pressures.
The Emergence of a Third Global Strategic Pole
In the current global context, Russian influence is waning, which has altered traditional power equations in international politics.
At the same time, the United States is increasingly unpredictable, particularly in its foreign policy and trade behaviour.
In this evolving environment, the idea of a “Third Global Strategic Pole” has gained relevance in global geopolitics.
The Third Pole refers to a strategic alignment of India with Germany, which serves as a key anchor within Europe.
By extension, this alignment includes Europe and other middle powers, which are states with significant regional or functional influence.
The Third Pole is envisioned as a new global power centre, distinct from US-led and China-led blocs.
This power centre aims to shape a multipolar world order, which is a system where power is distributed among multiple influential actors.
The Third Pole is grounded in strategic autonomy, which means independent decision-making free from external pressure.
It also emphasizes economic openness, referring to open trade and investment regimes.
Technological cooperation is a core pillar to jointly develop and share advanced technologies.
The Third Pole promotes democratic norms, which include political pluralism, rule of law, and civil liberties.
It also supports rule-based global governance, meaning adherence to international law and multilateral institutions.
How India Can Leverage the Third Global Pole
India can use the Third Pole to diversify its strategic partnerships, reducing over-reliance on any single power bloc.
This diversification helps India lower excessive dependence on the United States or Russia.
The Third Pole can enhance economic resilience, which is the ability to withstand external economic shocks.
Economic resilience can be strengthened by mitigating risks from unilateral trade actions, such as sudden tariffs or sanctions.
Deeper economic integration with the European Union and Germany supports this objective.
The Third Pole can also influence the global economic architecture, which refers to the rules and institutions governing the global economy.
It can do so by diversifying supply chains away from US–China dominance, thereby reducing systemic risks.
The Third Pole can promote South–South economic cooperation, which involves collaboration among developing countries.
India can strengthen industrial ecosystems through the Third Pole. This strengthening can occur via co-production in defence, which involves joint manufacturing of military equipment.
Technological co-production can enhance innovation and reduce import dependence.
Cooperation in critical supply chains can improve access to essential goods and materials.
The Third Pole can provide India with a credible voice in global governance institutions.
India can leverage this platform to advocate United Nations Security Council reform.
India can also push for World Trade Organization reforms to address contemporary trade challenges.
Reform of International Monetary Fund and World Bank structures can also be pursued to better reflect current economic realities.
Through the Third Pole, India can strengthen its leadership role in the Global South.
This leadership includes advocating for climate finance, which involves funding for climate mitigation and adaptation.
India can also support debt relief for vulnerable developing countries.
The Third Pole enables India to promote development justice, which emphasizes equitable and inclusive growth.
Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2026
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued the Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2026 to strengthen consumer grievance redressal.
RB-IOS 2026 is a scheme for resolving customer grievances related to services provided by RBI-regulated entities.
The scheme will come into effect from July 1, 2026.
The scheme integrates grievance redress mechanisms across multiple financial sectors under a single unified framework.
Key Features of RB-IOS 2026
The aim of RB-IOS 2026 is to provide a cost-effective grievance redress mechanism, meaning it imposes minimal financial burden on complainants.
The scheme seeks expeditious resolution, which refers to timely disposal of complaints.
It is designed as a non-adversarial mechanism, meaning disputes are resolved without courtroom-style confrontation.
The mechanism serves as an alternate grievance redress system, operating outside conventional judicial processes.
Under the scheme, RBI may appoint one or more of its officers as RBI Ombudsman.
RBI may also appoint RBI Deputy Ombudsman to assist in grievance resolution.
The general tenure of the RBI Ombudsman and Deputy Ombudsman is three years.
RBI will establish a Centralised Receipt and Processing Centre (CRPC) under the scheme.
The CRPC will be responsible for receiving and processing customer complaints centrally.
The RBI Ombudsman has no limit on the dispute amount that can be brought before it.
The Ombudsman has the power to award compensation up to ₹30 lakh to the complainant.
A ground of complaint under the scheme includes any act or omission by a Regulated Entity.
Such act or omission must result in deficiency in service, which refers to failure to meet regulatory or service standards.
The Regulated Entity or the Complainant may file an appeal against the Ombudsman’s decision.
Every Regulated Entity must appoint a Principal Nodal Officer at its head office.
The Principal Nodal Officer is responsible for furnishing information and coordinating responses regarding complaints.
Regulated Entities Covered Under RB-IOS 2026
The scheme provides a comprehensive grievance redressal mechanism across the financial system.
Commercial Banks are covered under the RB-IOS 2026.
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are included to address rural and agricultural banking complaints.
Co-operative Banks with deposits of ₹50 crore or more fall under the scheme.
Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) are covered as regulated credit and financial service providers.
Housing Finance Companies are included to address grievances related to housing loans.
Core Investment Companies (CICs), which primarily invest in group companies, are covered.
Infrastructure Debt Fund–NBFCs (IDF-NBFCs), which finance infrastructure projects, fall under the scheme.
NBFC–Infrastructure Finance Companies (NBFC-IFCs) providing long-term infrastructure finance are included.
Non-Operative Financial Holding Companies (NOFHCs), which hold bank and financial subsidiaries, are covered.
Primary Dealers (PDs), which deal in government securities, are included under the scheme.
Mortgage Guarantee Companies (MGCs), which provide credit risk guarantees for housing loans, are covered.
All non-bank Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI) issuers are included under RB-IOS 2026.
Prepaid Payment Instruments refer to wallets and cards used for digital payments.
Credit Information Companies are also covered under the scheme.
Credit Information Companies collect and share borrower credit data to support lending decisions.
Open-Sea Marine Fish Farming Project
The Union Minister of State for Earth Sciences launched India’s first-ever open-sea Marine Fish Farming Project.
The project was launched in the Andaman Sea, marking a milestone in India’s marine fisheries sector.
About the Project
The project is being implemented through a collaborative effort led by the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), which is the technical arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, is a key implementing agency.
The Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a partner in the project implementation.
The primary objective of the project is to promote open-sea cultivation of marine finfish, which refers to farming fish species in natural ocean waters.
The project also focuses on seaweed cultivation, which involves growing marine algae for food, industrial, and pharmaceutical uses.
Both finfish and seaweed are cultivated under natural open-ocean conditions, rather than in enclosed coastal systems.
The project integrates marine farming activities with livelihood generation for coastal and island communities.
As part of the project, two major livelihood-oriented interventions were launched.
The first intervention is the marine flora component, which focuses on seaweed cultivation.
The marine flora component aims to generate income through sustainable utilization of marine plant resources.
The second intervention is the marine fauna component, which focuses on marine finfish farming.
This marine fauna component involves the distribution of finfish seeds.
The finfish seeds are intended for cage-based cultivation, which is a method of farming fish in floating cages in open waters.
The project holds significance for unlocking the economic potential of India’s marine resources.
This initiative contributes directly to the realization of the Blue Economy, which refers to sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, livelihoods, and environmental health.
Social Commerce
Social commerce has significant growth potential in India due to widespread smartphone and social media usage.
Despite this potential, India lags behind China and Indonesia in social commerce adoption.
About Social Commerce
Social commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods or services directly within a social media platform.
It integrates social interaction with e-commerce, reducing the need to move to external shopping websites.
One major form of social commerce is livestream selling, where products are sold through real-time video broadcasts.
Livestream selling allows sellers to demonstrate products and interact with consumers instantly.
Another form is influencer-led discovery, where purchases are driven by recommendations from content creators.
Influencer-led discovery leverages social trust and follower engagement to influence buying decisions.
A third form is group buying, where consumers make purchases collectively.
Group buying enables consumers to receive better deals due to bulk purchasing.
Reasons for Low Adoption of Social Commerce in India
One major reason for low adoption is India’s low-trust social environment, which affects confidence in online sellers.
Trust issues are amplified by fear of fraud and counterfeit products.
Infrastructure limitations pose another challenge to social commerce growth.
These infrastructure issues require customization in terms of regional languages, which increases platform complexity.
Logistics and last-mile delivery challenges limit efficient scaling of social commerce models.
The vast geographical scale of India makes uniform service delivery difficult.
A strong preference for cash payments continues to affect seamless digital transactions.
Cash-on-delivery increases operational costs and return rates for sellers.
Regulatory uncertainty creates compliance challenges for social commerce platforms.
Misinformation spread by creators reduces consumer confidence in influencer-led selling models.
Supreme Court Interim Directions on Student Suicides in HEIs
The Supreme Court (SC) issued interim directions concerning student suicides in Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs).
The directions were issued in the case of Amit Kumar v. Union of India.
The directions are based on recommendations made by the National Task Force (NTF).
The NTF was constituted by the Supreme Court in 2025 to examine the issue of student suicides.
These directions aim to address systemic and institutional factors contributing to student suicides.
Key Observations by the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court observed that suicides are among the leading causes of death in the 15–29 age group.
This data is drawn from the Sample Registration System (SRS), which is a demographic survey conducted by the Government of India.
The Court noted that there were around 13,000 student suicide cases in 2022.
This figure is reported by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), which compiles crime and suicide statistics.
The Court observed a rapid expansion of Higher Educational Institutions in India.
This expansion has occurred through massification, which refers to large-scale expansion of student enrolment.
The expansion has also occurred through privatisation, which refers to the growing role of private institutions.
Due to this expansion, India ranks second globally in student enrolment.
The Court highlighted that this growth has occurred alongside persistent structural and social inequalities.
Key Reasons for Rising Student Suicides (as per NTF)
The NTF identified shortages of faculty across HEIs as a major contributor to student distress.
The Task Force also noted shortages in administrative staff and leadership positions.
These shortages weaken institutional governance, which refers to decision-making and oversight systems in HEIs.
Weak governance affects grievance redressal mechanisms, which are systems to address student complaints.
Lack of accountability has led to incidents of caste-based discrimination and ragging, which is harassment of students.
The NTF observed poor institutional responsibility in many HEIs.
HEIs often individualise blame, attributing suicides to personal failure rather than systemic issues.
Financial stress was identified as another major factor contributing to student suicides.
Delays in the release of scholarships act as a significant financial stressor for students.
The NTF noted the presence of scattered regulatory frameworks addressing student welfare.
These include UGC Regulations, which govern universities and colleges.
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 was identified as another relevant framework.
The National Suicide Prevention Strategy was also noted as part of the policy landscape.
The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, which provides legal rights to persons with mental illness, was also referenced.
The NTF observed that these frameworks suffer from weak enforcement due to fragmentation across documents.
Key Directions Issued by the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court directed that Sample Registration System (SRS) data on suicides be centrally maintained.
The Court emphasized that data for the 15–29 years age group must receive special focus.
The Court directed that all HEIs must report any incident of student suicide.
Such reporting must be accompanied by the submission of an annual report to regulatory bodies.
The Supreme Court directed that vacant faculty positions be filled.
This direction includes filling the posts of Vice Chancellors.
The direction also includes filling posts of Registrars and other key administrative positions.
The Court set a four-month timeline for filling these vacant positions.
The Court directed strict compliance with all existing regulations governing student welfare.
These include the establishment of Anti-Ragging Committees and Squads in HEIs.
The directions also include appointment of Anti-Discrimination Officers.
The Court mandated the functioning of Internal Complaints Committees, which address sexual harassment complaints.
The Supreme Court directed the provision of qualified medical help in every residential HEI.
The Court also directed that the pending scholarship backlog be cleared within four months.
These measures aim to create a safer, accountable, and supportive institutional environment for students.
Supreme Court Ruling on Inquiry Committee for Removal of Justice Yashwant Varma
The Supreme Court upheld the Lok Sabha Speaker’s decision to form an Inquiry Committee to examine allegations against Justice Yashwant Varma.
The Court clarified that rejection of a removal motion in one House of Parliament does not bar the other House from proceeding.
The Court observed that each House of Parliament functions independently in matters relating to judicial removal.
The Court held that Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha can separately initiate investigation and constitute an inquiry committee.
This interpretation preserves the constitutional balance between the two Houses of Parliament.
Constitutional Provisions Related to Removal of Judges
Article 124 of the Constitution deals with the removal of judges of the Supreme Court.
Article 218 of the Constitution governs the removal of judges of High Courts.
Judges of the higher judiciary can be removed only on the grounds of proven misbehavior.
Judges can also be removed on the ground of incapacity, meaning inability to perform judicial functions.
The terms misbehavior and incapacity are not defined in the Constitution, allowing contextual interpretation.
The procedure for removal of judges is regulated by the Judges Enquiry Act, 1968.
The Constitution does not use the term “impeachment” for the removal of judges.
The removal process is therefore a special constitutional mechanism distinct from executive or legislative impeachment.
Steps in the Removal Process of Judges
The removal process begins with the initiation of a motion in Parliament.
The motion must be signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha. Alternatively, the motion may be signed by at least 50 members of the Rajya Sabha. The signed motion is submitted to the Presiding Officer of the respective House.
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha has discretion to admit or reject the motion.
If the motion is admitted, the process moves to the investigation stage. At this stage, the matter is referred to a three-member Inquiry Committee.
The Inquiry Committee includes one judge of the Supreme Court.
The committee also includes one Chief Justice of a High Court.
The third member is a distinguished jurist, meaning an eminent legal expert.
The Inquiry Committee is constituted by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, depending on where the motion is admitted.
The Committee conducts a detailed investigation into allegations of misbehavior or incapacity. After completing the investigation, the Committee submits its report to the Presiding Officer.
The Presiding Officer then lays the report before the concerned House of Parliament.
If the report finds misbehavior or incapacity, the removal motion is taken up for discussion. The motion is then debated in the House of Parliament.
Parliamentary and Presidential Role in Removal
For removal to succeed, the motion must be passed by a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.
The special majority requires a two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
It also requires a majority of the total membership of each House.
After parliamentary approval, the judge can be removed only through an order of the President of India.
The President’s order is issued on the basis of motions passed by both Houses of Parliament.
Until date, no judge of the Supreme Court or High Courts has been successfully removed through this process.
This highlights the high threshold and institutional safeguards built into judicial removal.
Aatmanirbharta and Making India a Global Production Hub in Defence Manufacturing
Aatmanirbharta in defence manufacturing refers to India’s goal of achieving self-reliance in the design, development, and production of defence equipment.
The Defence Minister inaugurated a fully automated Medium Caliber Ammunition Manufacturing Facility at Solar Defence & Aerospace Limited.
This facility represents advanced automation in ammunition manufacturing, enhancing efficiency and quality.
During the event, the first tranche of Guided Pinaka rockets was flagged off to Armenia.
The export of Guided Pinaka rockets highlights India’s growing capability in indigenous rocket systems.
The development of Nagastra drones by Solar Group demonstrates progress in unmanned aerial systems.
The successful test launch of the ‘Bhargavastra’ Counter Drone System showcases India’s ability in anti-drone warfare technology.
Rising Defence Indigenisation and Exports
Indigenous defence production in India reached a record level of approximately ₹1.51 lakh crore. This marks a significant increase from ₹46,425 crore in 2014.
The private sector contributed over ₹33,000 crore to indigenous defence production.
The government aims to increase the private sector’s share to 50 percent or more in defence manufacturing.
India currently exports defence equipment to over 100 countries.
These export destinations include major defence markets such as the United States and France.
Defence exports rose from less than ₹1,000 crore in 2014. Defence exports reached ₹24,000 crore in FY 2024–25.
Significance of Defence Indigenisation
Defence indigenisation strengthens self-reliance and strategic autonomy, which means independent defence decision-making.
Indigenisation reduces dependence on foreign suppliers, lowering vulnerability to external disruptions.
It also reduces supply chain vulnerabilities, especially during geopolitical crises.
Indigenisation improves Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) capabilities, which support lifecycle management of defence platforms.
The economic multiplier effect of defence manufacturing strengthens the domestic industrial base.
Defence manufacturing creates employment across skill levels, from engineers to technicians.
It promotes foreign exchange savings by reducing imports of defence equipment.
Integration of around 16,000 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) into defence supply chains demonstrates inclusive industrial growth.
Defence exports enhance India’s diplomatic leverage in international relations.
Indigenisation positions India as a reliable defence partner and security provider in the global defence value chain.
Key Government Initiatives Supporting Defence Manufacturing
The government introduced Positive Indigenisation Lists to restrict imports of specified defence items.
A ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme supports indigenous defence technology development.
Defence Industrial Corridors have been established in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to create manufacturing ecosystems.
The Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) initiative promotes innovation by startups and MSMEs.
The Self-Reliant Initiatives through Joint Action (SRIJAN) portal connects industry with defence requirements.
The Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 prioritises domestic procurement.
DAP 2020 gives highest priority to the Buy (Indian–IDDM) category.
Indian–IDDM stands for Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured defence products.
DAP 2020 encourages greater participation of the private sector.
It also promotes ease of approvals in defence procurement.
The Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025 further supports defence manufacturing reforms.
DPM 2025 focuses on Ease of Doing Business for defence industry.
It provides support for innovation and indigenisation.
The manual includes industry-friendly provisions to reduce procedural delays.
Digital integration and transparency are key features of DPM 2025.
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDP)
Indian researchers have developed an open source AI tool, Disobind that predicts interactions of IDPs using protein language models
About IDPs
These are flexible, shapeshifting protein segments that do not adopt a single fixed structure.
Functions: These proteins play critical roles in health and disease, from cell signalling and gene regulation to cancer progression and neurodegeneration.
Regulate which genes are switched on or off, assist protein folding and quality control, and allow proteins to move efficiently.
They act like molecular glue, enabling transient yet precise interactions inside cells.
Mycorrhizal Networks and Tyler Prize
An American biologist has been awarded the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her research on mycorrhizal networks.
The Tyler Prize is often called the “Nobel for the environment” due to its prestige.
About Mycorrhizal Networks
Mycorrhizal networks are underground fungal networks in which mycorrhizal fungi connect the roots of multiple plants through hyphae.
Hyphae are fungal threads that form the physical connections between plant roots.
Mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic association with plants, where plants provide carbohydrates to the fungi.
In return, the fungi enhance the plants’ access to water and essential nutrients.
The underground fungal network in forest ecosystems is also known as the Wood Wide Web.
Ecological role: Mycorrhizal networks draw down about 13 billion tons of CO2 into soil systems every year, helping mitigate climate change.
Cattle Breeds – Karan Fries and Vrindavani
The government has registered two high-yielding synthetic cattle breeds, Karan Fries and Vrindavani.
Alongside, new indigenous breeds of cattle and buffalo have been recognized, including Medini (Jharkhand), Rohikhandi (Uttar Pradesh), and Melghati (Maharashtra).
About Karan Fries
Karan Fries was developed by the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana.
This breed is a cross between indigenous Tharparkar cows and Holstein-Friesian bulls, combining local adaptability with high milk yield.
About Vrindavani
Vrindavani was developed by ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.
It is a composite breed blending Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Jersey breeds with the Hariana breed, which is a hardy indigenous cattle breed known for its resilience.
Significance of Synthetic Cattle Breeds
Synthetic breeds like Karan Fries and Vrindavani offer enhanced milk productivity without compromising climate adaptability and disease resistance.
Nipah Virus
Nipah virus has been detected among healthcare workers in West Bengal.
About Nipah Virus
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can spread from animals to humans.
It can be transmitted to humans from animals such as bats or pigs, or through contaminated foods.
The virus can also be transmitted directly from human to human.
Signs and symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory infection, which can be mild or severe, and may also cause fatal encephalitis.
The natural host of Nipah virus is fruit bats.
Treatment options are currently limited, as there are no specific drugs or vaccines available for Nipah virus infection.
UN High Seas Treaty Comes into Force
The UN High Seas Treaty has come into force, marking a major milestone in global ocean governance.
The treaty is officially known as the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement.
The BBNJ Agreement is a legally binding international treaty adopted under the United Nations framework.
The treaty covers ocean zones lying beyond national waters, commonly referred to as the high seas.
It also applies to the international seabed area, which lies outside the jurisdiction of any single country.
These areas are collectively known as Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ).
ABNJ are global commons, meaning they are not owned by any state and are accessible to all.
These regions are open for activities such as navigation and overflight.
They are also open for laying submarine cables and pipelines, which support global connectivity.
The high seas and international seabed together constitute over two-thirds of the ocean’s surface.
About the BBNJ Agreement
The BBNJ Agreement was adopted in 2023. It was adopted by the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction.
This conference was convened under the auspices of the United Nations, meaning it was formally supported by the UN.
The BBNJ Agreement is the third implementing agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
UNCLOS is the primary international legal framework governing the use of oceans and seas.
The first implementing agreement is the 1994 Part XI Implementation Agreement, which deals with deep seabed mining.
The second implementing agreement is the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement, which governs straddling and highly migratory fish stocks.
The objective of the BBNJ Agreement is to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity.
This objective specifically applies to areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Key Issues Addressed by the BBNJ Agreement
One core issue addressed is marine genetic resources, which include genetic material from marine organisms.
The treaty provides for fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of marine genetic resources.
Another focus area is the adoption of area-based management tools.
These tools include Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which are designated zones for biodiversity conservation.
The treaty mandates the conduct of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).
EIAs assess the potential environmental effects of human activities in ABNJ.
The agreement also emphasizes capacity-building, particularly for developing countries.
It promotes the transfer of marine technology to enable inclusive participation in ocean governance.
Institutional and Financial Framework
The BBNJ Agreement establishes a dedicated funding mechanism to support its implementation.
It creates institutional arrangements to oversee treaty functioning.
One such body is the Conference of the Parties (COP), which serves as the main decision-making forum.
The treaty also establishes a Clearing-House Mechanism. The Clearing-House Mechanism facilitates information sharing, transparency, and cooperation among parties.
A secretariat is set up to provide administrative and technical support to the treaty bodies.
Membership Status
As of now, 83 nations have ratified the BBNJ Agreement.
India has signed the treaty, indicating political commitment to its objectives.
India has not yet ratified the agreement, meaning it is not legally bound by its provisions at present.
Hope Island and Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
The Andhra Pradesh Government has proposed to develop a satellite launching facility as part of the Space City project. This proposed facility is planned on Hope Island.
Hope Island forms part of the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, which is an ecologically sensitive area.
About Hope Island
Hope Island is a relatively young island, formed through recent geological processes.
The island is a 16-kilometre-long sand spit, which is a narrow landform created by sediment deposition.
The sand forming Hope Island is carried by the waters of the Godavari delta.
Hope Island plays a critical role in protecting Kakinada city from strong storm surges.
It acts as a natural breakwater, meaning it reduces the force of incoming sea waves.
This natural protection provides tranquillity to ships approaching the coast.
Due to this feature, Kakinada Port is considered one of the safest natural ports in India.
About Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
The sanctuary lies at the confluence of the Godavari River and the Bay of Bengal.
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary forms part of the Godavari Mangroves, which are dense coastal mangrove forests.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant ecosystems that protect coastlines and support marine biodiversity.
The sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary by the Andhra Pradesh government in 1978.
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the largest mangrove ecosystems in India.
Crustaceans
A crustacean named “Indiaphonte bijoyi” has been discovered from the Kavaratti lagoon in the Lakshadweep Islands.
This discovery has been established as both a new genus and a new species, indicating its unique evolutionary identity.
The finding highlights the rich and underexplored marine biodiversity of India’s island ecosystems.
About Crustaceans
Crustaceans are invertebrate animals, meaning they lack a backbone.
They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, which includes animals with jointed limbs and exoskeletons.
Within Arthropoda, crustaceans fall under the subphylum Crustacea.
Common members of the crustacean group include lobsters. The group also includes crabs.
Crayfish are another example of crustaceans. The crustacean group also includes shrimp.
Copepods, which are mostly microscopic aquatic organisms, are crustaceans.
Barnacles, which attach themselves to hard surfaces, also belong to this group.
The size of crustaceans varies widely across species.
Some crustaceans are microscopic plankton less than 1 millimetre in length.
At the other extreme, some species are enormous crabs with large body sizes.
Smaller crustaceans form the base of many ocean food chains.
This makes them ecologically crucial for marine ecosystems.
A key characteristic of crustaceans is the presence of two eyes.
Crustaceans have two pairs of antennae, which are sensory organs.
They possess a hard exoskeleton, which provides protection and structural support.
Crustaceans have jointed and paired appendages, enabling movement and feeding.
Their body is divided into three regions: head, thorax, and abdomen.
Second Rangewide Estimation of Riverine and Estuarine Dolphins
The Second Rangewide Estimation of Riverine and Estuarine Dolphins has been launched under Project Dolphin.
This nationwide exercise aims to generate updated population estimates of dolphins across India.
The previous nationwide dolphin survey conducted during 2021–23 recorded an estimated 6,327 riverine dolphins in India.
The current survey expands its scope by including a new species, the Irrawaddy dolphin.
The Irrawaddy dolphin will be surveyed in the Sundarbans and coastal Odisha.
The survey will continue to cover the Gangetic River Dolphin.
The survey will also include the Indus River Dolphin.
About Project Dolphin
Project Dolphin was launched on 15 August 2020.
The project is implemented under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme ‘Development of Wildlife Habitats’.
The aim of Project Dolphin is the conservation of both marine and riverine dolphins.
The project also focuses on the protection of associated cetaceans, which include whales and porpoises.
Conservation under Project Dolphin is pursued through habitat protection.
The project emphasizes scientific research to inform conservation actions.
Community awareness and participation are integral components of the initiative.
River Dolphins (Superfamily Platinistoidea)
River dolphins belong to the superfamily Platinistoidea, which includes freshwater and estuarine dolphin species.
River dolphins are functionally blind, meaning they have limited eyesight.
They rely on echolocation, which uses sound waves to navigate and locate prey.
River dolphins possess a long and thin snout, adapted for catching fish.
They have a rounded belly and a stocky body structure.
River dolphins have large flippers, which aid in maneuvering through river waters.
As apex predators, river dolphins occupy the top of the aquatic food chain.
They act as indicator species, reflecting the ecological health of river systems.
Types of River Dolphins Found in India
The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a key freshwater dolphin species.
It occurs in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna river system.
It is also found in the Sangu–Karnaphuli river systems.
These river systems span India, Bangladesh, and Nepal.
The species is locally known as ‘Susu’.
The Ganges River Dolphin is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, meaning it is native to this region.
It is recognized as India’s National Aquatic Animal.
Its conservation status is Endangered under the IUCN Red List.
It is listed under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, which provides the highest legal protection.
The Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) is another important river dolphin species.
It occurs in the Indus River basin.
In India, it is found in the Beas River.
The Indus River Dolphin is locally known as ‘Bhulan’.
It is designated as Punjab’s State Aquatic Animal.
Its conservation status is Endangered according to the IUCN Red List.
It is also protected under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is included in the current estimation exercise.
It inhabits marine, brackish, and freshwater environments.
Its distribution spans Southeast Asia.
Irrawaddy dolphins are slow swimmers.
They exhibit a unique water-spitting behavior, which is used during feeding.
The Irrawaddy Dolphin is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Conservation Initiatives for Dolphins in India
The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Wildlife Sanctuary in Bihar is a major conservation initiative.
The Chambal River Conservation Zone has been designated as a Dolphin Conservation Zone.
The government has undertaken the reconstitution of the Project Dolphin Steering Committee to strengthen oversight.
The appointment of Dolphin and Whaling Commissioners supports focused conservation governance.
Satellite tagging of the Ganges River Dolphin is being undertaken to study movement and habitat use.
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