Daily Current Affairs - 19th December 2025
- TPP
- Dec 19, 2025
- 17 min read
Updated: Dec 22, 2025
Comprehensive UPSC Current Affairs Summary | India–Oman CEPA, India–Bangladesh Relations Report, NPSDRR & Model Gram Panchayats, Indian Diaspora Policy Issues, Hate Speech Law, Live-in Relationship Ruling, Autophagy Breakthrough and more.
If you missed Monthly Current Affairs Pointers (CAP) | Sept - Oct 2025, read it here.
Table of Content
ECONOMY
ENVIRONMENT & GEOGRAPHY
MISCELLANY
India and Oman signed CEPA
India and Oman have signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
CEPA is a deep trade agreement covering goods, services, investment, and mobility.
In recent years, India has signed similar Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with the UK, EFTA, Australia, and UAE.
These agreements reflect India’s trade diplomacy strategy to strengthen global economic ties.
The India–Oman CEPA aims to enhance bilateral trade from the current USD 10 billion.
Market Access Provisions
Under CEPA, Oman will provide zero-duty access to Indian goods on around 98% of its tariff lines.
Zero-duty access means no customs duties on imports.
This covers approximately 99.4% of Oman’s total trade value with India, indicating high commercial significance.
India has offered tariff liberalization on around 78% of its tariff lines.
Tariff liberalization refers to reduction or elimination of customs duties.
India has excluded sensitive products such as dairy, tea, coffee, and rubber to protect domestic producers.
Services and Investment Provisions
Oman has allowed 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Indian companies.
FDI refers to long-term investment by foreign firms in productive assets such as companies or infrastructure.
This liberalization applies to major services sectors, enhancing India’s global services footprint.
The agreement includes the first-ever commitment on traditional medicine across all modes of supply.
Traditional medicine refers to indigenous healthcare systems such as AYUSH, including Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
This provision creates new opportunities for India’s AYUSH and wellness sectors in the Gulf region.
CEPA provides enhanced mobility for Indian professionals, enabling easier cross-border movement for work.
This includes increased quotas for Indian workers in Oman.
It also liberalizes entry and stay conditions for skilled Indian professionals.
The agreement addresses non-tariff barriers, which are regulatory or procedural obstacles other than customs duties that restrict trade.
Strategic Importance of FTAs and CEPA
India pursues multiple FTAs to achieve export diversification, which means expanding exports across more countries and products.
Export diversification supports macroeconomic stability, which refers to stable growth, inflation, and external balances.
In 2024, exports accounted for 21.2% of India’s GDP, highlighting their economic importance.
FTAs also help attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India.
FTA partner countries contributed around 30% of India’s FDI equity inflows between 2000 and 2022.
FDI equity inflows refer to capital invested by foreign entities in the ownership of Indian companies.
FDIs provide cheaper access to raw materials, improving production efficiency.
FDIs also facilitate access to advanced technology, boosting productivity.
FDIs contribute to skill development through the transfer of managerial and technical expertise.
FDIs support imports of capital goods, which are machines and equipment used in production.
India leverages its strength in the services sector through FTAs.
India’s share in Oman’s services imports is only 5.31%, indicating significant untapped potential.
FTAs enhance resilience against global economic shocks, which means the ability to withstand external disruptions.
They also increase India’s strategic autonomy amid trade uncertainties, such as US tariff measures.
Export Promotion and Policy Initiatives
India has introduced the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme to boost exports.
RoDTEP reimburses embedded taxes and duties to exporters not refunded through other mechanisms.
The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
India has launched the Export Promotion Mission to strengthen export competitiveness.
The mission provides affordable trade finance, especially for MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises).
It supports exporters in compliance and certification, which are mandatory standards for global trade.
The mission also facilitates international market access for Indian products.
The Districts as Export Hubs initiative promotes export-oriented manufacturing at the grassroots level.
The initiative aims to generate employment through localized export ecosystems.
India’s Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 provides a long-term strategic framework for trade.
The FTP aims to increase India’s total exports to USD 2 trillion by 2030.
Future of India–Bangladesh Relationship Report
The Standing Committee on External Affairs presented the report titled “Future of India–Bangladesh Relationship” in the Lok Sabha.
The report begins by highlighting strategic realignment, which refers to a possible shift in foreign policy orientation by Bangladesh.
The collapse of the government in Bangladesh in August 2024 has created significant political uncertainty in the country.
This political uncertainty has raised concerns about a potential strategic shift of Dhaka away from India.
Security Challenges
The report identifies security threats as a major challenge for India–Bangladesh relations.
Illegal migration across the border remains a key security concern for India.
Cross-border terrorism, meaning terrorist activities originating in one country that affect another, is another major security issue.
These threats are intensified due to 864 km of unfenced India–Bangladesh border.
The border runs through riverine terrain, which refers to areas dominated by rivers and shifting channels.
It also passes through mountainous terrain, making surveillance and fencing difficult.
Economic Barriers and Trade Imbalances
The report highlights economic barriers and trade imbalances as another major concern.
Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh stood at USD 13.46 billion in 2024–25.
This trade remains heavily skewed in favor of India, meaning India exports far more than it imports.
Infrastructure constraints at land ports limit efficient trade movement.
High congestion at land ports further slows cross-border trade.
The report flags the influx of third-country goods, which are products originating from countries other than Bangladesh.
Chinese fabrics are cited as a key example of such third-country goods.
These goods enter India using preferential trade provisions, which are benefits meant only for Bangladesh.
Water Sharing and Environmental Issues
The report identifies water sharing and environmental crises as critical unresolved issues.
The Ganga Water Treaty, signed in 1996, governs the sharing of Ganga river waters between India and Bangladesh.
The treaty will expire in December 2026.
No formal renewal discussions for the treaty have started so far.
India and Bangladesh share 53 transboundary rivers, meaning rivers that flow across national boundaries.
Agreements on these 53 rivers, including the Teesta River, remain unresolved.
The Sundarbans delta, a shared mangrove ecosystem, faces serious environmental threats.
Climate-driven sea-level rise, caused by global warming, threatens the long-term survival of the Sundarbans.
Strategic Concerns
The report highlights China’s expanding presence in Bangladesh as a strategic concern for India.
China is involved in the upgrade of Mongla Port, enhancing Bangladesh’s maritime infrastructure.
China has also developed a submarine base at Pekua in Bangladesh.
These developments pose a potential threat to India’s Siliguri Corridor, also known as the “Chicken’s Neck”, which is a narrow land strip connecting mainland India with the Northeast.
The report raises concerns over attacks on religious minorities in Bangladesh.
Strategic Recommendations
Diplomatic Engagement
The report recommends sustained diplomatic engagement to manage bilateral relations.
This includes Track II diplomacy, which involves unofficial dialogues among academics and experts.
It also includes Track 1.5 diplomacy, which involves both officials and non-official experts.
India should press for free, fair, and inclusive elections in Bangladesh.
Border Management
The report emphasizes modernizing border management as a strategic priority.
It recommends completing border fencing along the India–Bangladesh border.
The use of advanced technologies is suggested for border surveillance.
These technologies include drones, which provide aerial monitoring.
Motion sensors are recommended to detect unauthorized movement.
Laser intrusion detection systems are suggested to strengthen border security.
Economic Integration
The report calls for economic safeguards and deeper integration.
It recommends accelerating negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
CEPA is a broad trade agreement covering goods, services, and investments.
The agreement should include strict rules-of-origin verification, which determine where a product is actually manufactured.
These rules will help prevent misuse by third-country exporters.
Water and Climate Diplomacy
The report emphasizes proactive water and climate diplomacy.
It recommends initiating renewal talks for the Ganga Water Treaty at the earliest.
These talks should be based on current hydrological data, meaning updated river flow measurements.
The talks should also consider climate change impacts on river systems.
The report suggests joint climate adaptation measures for the Sundarbans, where climate adaptation refers to actions taken to reduce vulnerability to climate impacts.
Communication and Regional Cooperation
The report recommends creating a Dedicated Strategic Communication and Perception Management Unit.
This unit should be established within the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
It advises leveraging regional forums for cooperation.
BIMSTEC, which connects Bay of Bengal countries, is suggested as an alternative platform.
BIMSTEC is proposed as an effective alternative to SAARC, which remains stalled.
The report stresses strengthening people-to-people connections between India and Bangladesh.
Resuming normal visa operations is recommended to support these connections.
Anti-Dumping Duty
India has imposed Anti-Dumping Duty on certain steel imports from China.
Anti-dumping duty is a trade remedy, which means a legal measure used to correct unfair trade practices.
A country imposes anti-dumping duty when imported goods are sold below their normal value in international markets.
Normal value refers to the price at which a product is sold in the exporter’s domestic or home market.
When a company exports a product at a price lower than its home market price, the practice is called dumping.
Dumping can harm domestic industries by making locally produced goods uncompetitive.
The imposition of anti-dumping duty is permitted under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements.
The WTO is a global organization that regulates international trade rules among countries.
The primary objective of anti-dumping duties is to protect domestic industries from unfair price competition caused by dumping.
NPSDRR Initiatives for Cluster-Based Model Gram Panchayats
The NPSDRR initiatives for developing cluster-based Model Gram Panchayats (GPs) have been approved.
NPSDRR stands for National Project for Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction.
The core objective of NPSDRR is to integrate disaster risk reduction into local governance.
The project adopts a bottom-up approach, which means planning starts at the community and Panchayat level.
About NPSDRR
The implementation of NPSDRR is jointly undertaken by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR).
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the second implementing authority of NPSDRR.
The total financial outlay of NPSDRR is ₹507.37 crore.
The project covers 20 States across the country.
NPSDRR is implemented in 81 disaster-prone districts.
Each selected district includes 20 Gram Panchayats under the project.
Cluster-Based and Integrated Planning Approach
NPSDRR follows a cluster-based approach for implementation.
Under this approach, Gram Panchayats and Model Gram Panchayats are located in close geographical clusters.
The project promotes an integrated approach to disaster management at the local level.
It mandates the preparation of Panchayat-level Disaster Management Plans.
It also requires the preparation of village-level Disaster Management Plans.
These disaster management plans must be integrated with local development processes.
One key integration is with Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDPs).
GPDPs are annual plans prepared by Gram Panchayats for local development.
Model Gram Panchayat Concept
NPSDRR introduces the concept of Model Gram Panchayats.
One Model Gram Panchayat is selected from each of the 20 States.
Model Gram Panchayats are identified for six different hazards.
Each hazard category is represented by one Model Gram Panchayat.
A Model Gram Panchayat serves as a demonstrative template for other Panchayats.
These templates showcase integration of disaster resilience into planning.
They also demonstrate disaster-resilient infrastructure development.
Model Gram Panchayats promote community preparedness for disasters.
About Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR)
Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) emphasizes active participation of local communities.
CBDRR involves community engagement in identification of disaster risks.
It also includes analysis and assessment of disaster risks.
Communities participate in monitoring and implementation of risk reduction measures.
CBDRR includes evaluation of disaster risk reduction efforts.
The objective of CBDRR is to reduce community vulnerabilities.
CBDRR also aims to enhance local capacities to manage disasters.
Benefits of Community-Based DRR
One major benefit of CBDRR is participatory risk assessment and planning.
CBDRR ensures effective dissemination of disaster-related information.
Local communities provide contextual understanding based on local knowledge.
Local communities act as first responders during different stages of disasters.
Global and National Frameworks Supporting CBDRR
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030) advocates CBDRR.
The Sendai Framework is a global agreement aimed at reducing disaster losses.
In India, “Aapda Mitra” is a key scheme aligned with CBDRR principles.
Aapda Mitra focuses on training community volunteers in disaster response.
Action Taken Report on Indian Diaspora Overseas
The Action Taken Report on the Sixth Report of the Committee on External Affairs titled “Indian Diaspora Overseas” has been released.
The report presents the Committee’s observations and recommendations on the welfare of the Indian Diaspora overseas.
The report covers diverse categories including NRIs, PIOs, OCIs, and migrant workers.
About Indian Diaspora
The Indian Diaspora refers to people who migrated from territories within the present-day Republic of India.
The term also includes the descendants of Indian migrants settled abroad.
The Indian Diaspora includes Non-Resident Indians (NRIs).
NRIs are Indian citizens residing outside India for employment, education, or other purposes.
The Diaspora also includes Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs).
PIOs are foreign citizens who trace their ancestry to India.
The Diaspora further includes Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs).
OCI is a form of permanent residency available to people of Indian origin abroad.
Migrant workers form a significant component of the Indian Diaspora.
The total Indian Diaspora population was about 35.42 million as of January 2024.
Committee on External Affairs: Key Issues and Recommendations (2025–26)
Issue 1: Data Gaps on Non-ECR Migrants
The Committee observed major data gaps in migration information related to non-ECR migrants.
Current migration data is limited to workers going to 18 ECR countries.
ECR (Emigration Check Required) countries are destinations where Indian workers need government clearance before migration.
The data excludes skilled professionals, students, and migrants in non-ECR destinations.
The Committee recommended developing a comprehensive Labour Market Information (LMI) database.
LMI database refers to a system that provides real-time information on jobs, skills, and labour demand.
The database should cover all migrant categories, including NRIs, PIOs, and OCIs.
Issue 2: Absence of a Codified Diaspora Policy
The Committee noted the absence of a formal and codified diaspora policy.
India currently follows an informal “4Cs” framework for diaspora engagement.
The 4Cs framework stands for Care, Connect, Celebrate, and Contribute.
The Committee observed that the 4Cs framework lacks strategic direction.
The Committee recommended formulating a specific policy document for the Indian Diaspora.
This policy should guide structured engagement with the Diaspora.
The policy should also address diaspora needs and aspirations.
Issue 3: Vulnerability of Student Migrants
The Committee observed that student migrants form a large segment of overseas Indians.
Student migrants are currently excluded from the Emigration Bill.
This exclusion exposes students to fraud by agents and educational institutions.
The Committee recommended including student welfare in the Emigration Bill.
It also recommended regulating recruitment and placement agencies.
The Committee suggested mandating Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Missions.
SOPs are uniform guidelines for consistent implementation of policies.
These SOPs should guide student outreach by Indian Missions abroad.
Issue 4: Exploitation by Private Recruiters
The Committee observed widespread exploitation of migrants by private recruiters.
Migrants often face high recruitment costs and unethical practices.
State-run recruitment agencies are currently underutilised.
The Committee recommended prioritising State-run recruitment agencies.
It also recommended including at least one State-run agency in future Bilateral Labour Agreements.
Bilateral Labour Agreements are treaties between countries to regulate labour migration.
Issue 5: Lack of Support for Returnee Migrants
The Committee noted that about 6 lakh emigrants returned to India between 2019 and 2024.
The reintegration of returnees is currently treated as a State-only responsibility.
The Committee recommended Central financial support for reintegration efforts.
It suggested providing Central grants to States.
It also recommended offering soft loans, which are loans with low interest and flexible terms.
These measures aim at sustainable economic reintegration of returnees.
Issue 6: Delays in Transporting Mortal Remains
The Committee observed inhumane delays in transporting mortal remains of deceased migrants.
These delays are caused by lengthy administrative clearances.
The Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF) remains underutilised.
ICWF is a fund meant to assist distressed Indian nationals abroad.
The Committee recommended simplifying ICWF procedures.
It also recommended granting discretionary powers to Indian Missions.
Missions should be allowed to arrange immediate transport of mortal remains.
This should be done without prior Headquarters approval.
Hate Speech: Recent Legislative Development
The Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 has been passed by the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.
The Bill seeks to address the issue of hate speech and hate crimes in the State.
About Hate Speech under the Bill
The bill defines hate speech as expressions in public view intended to cause injury, disharmony, enmity, hatred or ill-will against a person, group or community, on grounds including religion, race, caste, gender, sexual orientation, language or tribe.
Constitutional Provisions Related to Hate Speech
Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression.
This freedom is not absolute under the Constitution.
Article 19(2) allows the State to impose reasonable restrictions.
Reasonable restrictions are legal limits placed to balance individual rights with societal interests.
These restrictions may be imposed in the interest of public order.
National security is another ground for imposing restrictions.
Restrictions are also permitted on grounds of decency and morality.
Defamation, which means harm to reputation, is a valid ground for restriction.
Restrictions may also be imposed to prevent incitement to an offence.
Live in Relationship not illegal: Allahabad High Court
The Allahabad High Court has ruled that live-in relationships are not illegal in India.
The ruling strengthens a rights-based interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution.
Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
The judgment reinforces the principles of human dignity and personal freedom.
Key Observations of the Court on Live-in Relationships
Legality
The Court clarified that live-in relationships between consenting adults are neither criminal nor prohibited.
Consenting adults are individuals who have legal capacity and voluntarily agree to the relationship.
Autonomy of Adults
The Court reaffirmed that adults are free to make personal life choices.
Personal autonomy refers to the freedom to decide matters concerning one’s private life.
Such autonomy cannot be restricted due to social or familial disapproval.
State’s Constitutional Duty
The judgment emphasized the constitutional obligation of the State to protect citizens.
Denial of police protection in live-in relationship cases amounts to a failure of this obligation.
The obligation arises from Article 21, which mandates protection of life and liberty.
Social Morality versus Fundamental Rights
The Court addressed concerns related to social morality.
Social morality refers to prevailing societal norms and traditional beliefs.
The Court held that social morality cannot override fundamental rights.
These fundamental rights are guaranteed under the Constitution of India.
Evidentiary Presumption under Law
The Court referred to Section 114 of the Indian Evidence Act.
The Court also referred to Section 119(1) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
These provisions create a legal presumption of marriage.
The presumption applies when a couple lives together for a significant period as husband and wife.
Legal presumption means the law assumes a fact to be true unless proven otherwise.
Courts shall apply this presumption to protect the rights of parties in live-in relationships.
This protection is particularly significant for women.
The presumption also safeguards children born out of live-in relationships.
Related Supreme Court Judgments
Lata Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2006)
The Supreme Court directed State authorities to protect adults exercising their choice of partner.
The Court strongly condemned honour-based violence.
The judgment also condemned social harassment arising from personal choices.
K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)
The Supreme Court held that Article 21 protects the right to privacy.
The judgment recognized dignity and autonomy as core components of Article 21.
The Court affirmed decisional freedom in personal and intimate matters.
Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. and Others (2018)
The Supreme Court held that the right to marry a person of one’s choice is integral to Article 21.
The Court recognized expression of choice as a fundamental right.
This right flows from Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
Autophagy: Recent Scientific Development
Researchers have uncovered a missing link in autophagy.
This discovery offers potential therapeutic insights.
These insights are relevant for Alzheimer’s disease.
The findings are also relevant for Parkinson’s disease.
The discovery has implications for cancer treatment research.
What is Autophagy
Autophagy is a natural cellular process.
It involves cells removing damaged or dysfunctional components.
These components are then recycled by the cell.
The process helps maintain cellular health.
Autophagy also maintains cellular homeostasis, which is internal balance within cells.
Functions of Autophagy
Autophagy helps in clearing toxic proteins from cells.
Toxic proteins are abnormal protein aggregates that damage cells.
Autophagy supports cellular repair mechanisms.
The process helps maintain energy balance within cells.
Autophagy enables cell survival under stress conditions.
Autophagy and Disease Protection
Autophagy is linked to protection against neurodegenerative diseases.
Neurodegenerative diseases involve progressive loss of nerve cell function.
Autophagy is also linked to protection against cancer.
Due to these links, autophagy is actively studied for therapeutic potential.
Scientific Recognition
Yoshinori Ohsumi made pioneering discoveries on the mechanisms of autophagy.
He was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The award recognized his contribution to understanding how autophagy works at the cellular level.
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Government Plan
The Government of India plans to operationalize at least five indigenously designed Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
These SMRs will be implemented under the Nuclear Energy Mission by 2033.
Indigenously designed means the reactors are developed and manufactured within India.
Key Features of SMRs
Power Capacity
Each SMR unit has a power output of up to 300 MW(e).
MW(e) stands for megawatt of electrical power, which measures electricity generation capacity.
This is about one-third the size of traditional nuclear power reactors.
Modular Design
SMRs are modular, meaning their components can be factory-assembled.
These modules can be transported as a unit to the installation site.
The modular design allows for portability and scalability.
Scalability means multiple units can be added over time to increase capacity.
Significance of SMRs
SMRs can help India target 100 GW of nuclear energy by 2047.
Currently, India’s nuclear energy capacity is 8.78 GW.
Deployment of SMRs can thus contribute significantly to national energy security.
Challenges of SMRs
SMRs face the issue of higher cost per kilowatt-hour of electricity.
Cost per kilowatt-hour refers to the expense of producing one unit of electricity.
This makes SMRs relatively more expensive than conventional nuclear reactors.
Freshwater Sponges: Recent Scientific Study
A recent study by Indian scientists has revealed the importance of sponge-associated microbes.
These microbes play a role in tackling metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems.
About Sponges
Sponges are simple aquatic invertebrates.
Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone.
Sponges have porous bodies that allow water to flow through them.
They filter water to obtain food and oxygen.
Sponges play important ecological roles in aquatic ecosystems.
Examples include the Bath Sponge (Euspongia) and the Venus Flower Basket (Euplectella).
Key Findings of the Study
Freshwater sponges were found to host diverse microbial communities.
These microbes are capable of resisting heavy metals.
Freshwater sponges accumulate toxic metals such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium at high levels.
These sponges can act as bio-indicators of environmental pollution.
Bio-indicators are organisms that reveal the health of an ecosystem.
Freshwater sponges can support bioremediation of polluted water bodies.
Bioremediation is a process where living organisms are used to clean up environmental pollutants.
This makes freshwater sponges valuable for monitoring and restoring freshwater ecosystems.
Competition Commission of India (CCI)
Recently, CCI took notice of the IndiGo flight disruption issue.
CCI is examining whether IndiGo misused its dominant market position.
This is called abuse of dominant position — when a powerful company acts unfairly because competitors are weak.
For example: If one airline controls most routes and raises prices suddenly or cancels flights without alternatives, customers suffer and competitors can’t compete.
About Competition Commission of India (CCI) ?
CCI is a government body created to keep markets fair.
It ensures big companies don’t bully small ones.
It was created under the Competition Act, 2002.
The Act was strengthened in 2007 to give CCI more power.
CCI works under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
Composition of CCI
One Chairperson
Minimum 2 and maximum 6 Members
All are appointed by the Central Government
Main Functions of CCI (With Examples)
1. Stops Anti-Competitive Agreements
These are secret deals that kill competition.
Examples:
Price fixing: All cement companies decide to sell at the same high price.
Market sharing: One company takes North India, another takes South India.
Why bad?Consumers pay more, and choices become less.
2. Prevents Abuse of Dominant Position
When a company becomes too powerful, it must not misuse power.
Examples:
A dominant telecom company offers services below cost to destroy rivals.
An airline cancels flights repeatedly knowing passengers have no alternative.
Dominance is not illegal, but misuse is illegal.
3. Regulates Mergers & Acquisitions (Combinations)
CCI checks big mergers to see if they harm competition.
Example:
If two major telecom companies merge, CCI checks whether:
Prices may rise
Competition may reduce
This harm is called AAEC (Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition).
4. Advisory Role
CCI gives expert advice on competition issues when:
A statutory authority asks for it
Example:
Government seeks opinion on new digital market rules.
5. Protects Consumers & Free Trade
Ensures:
Fair prices
More choices
Healthy competition
Markets should work for consumers, not monopolies.
Thank you