Daily Current Affairs - 21st November 2025
- TPP
- Nov 21
- 18 min read
Comprehensive UPSC Current Affairs Summary | Colombo Security Conclave, SoWC, MPSM in Aravalli, India Justice Report, JCM, Global Mutirão Initiative and more.
If you missed Monthly Current Affairs Pointers (CAP) | Sept - Oct 2025, read it here.
Table of Content
Seychelles: 6th member of CSC
The 7th National Security Adviser-level meeting of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) was held in New Delhi.
Seychelles, whose capital is Victoria,became the 6th member of the Colombo Security Conclave.
The other five members of CSC are India, Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.
Political Features of Seychelles
Seychelles is an archipelago, meaning a group of scattered islands, located in the western Indian Ocean.
The archipelago consists of 155 islands.
Seychelles lies northeast of Madagascar.
Seychelles is the smallest African country in terms of area.
Seychelles is also the smallest African country in terms of population.
Geographical Features of Seychelles
The islands of Seychelles sit on the submarine Mascarene Plateau, which is an underwater highland region in the Indian Ocean.
The Mahe Group of islands is volcanic, meaning formed by volcanic activity.
The Mahe Group has narrow coastal areas.
The Mahe Group has a hilly interior.
The Outer Islands of Seychelles are flat coralline islands, meaning low-lying islands made of coral deposits.
Some islands are relatively flat coral atolls, which are ring-shaped coral island structures with a lagoon in the center.
Some islands are elevated reefs, meaning raised coral formations above sea level.
Seychelles consists of two main island groups, namely the Mahe Group and the Outer Islands.
The Mahe Group comprises mountainous islands.
The Outer Islands comprise flat coralline islands.
Seychelles experiences a Tropical Oceanic Climate, which means warm temperatures and high humidity influenced by the ocean throughout the year.
UNICEF – The State of the World’s Children (SoWC) 2025
UNICEF released the 2025 edition of The State of the World’s Children (SoWC) report.
The report is titled “SoWC 2025: Ending Child Poverty – Our Shared Imperative.”
The report draws on data from over 130 Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).
Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are countries classified by the World Bank based on their gross national income per capita.
The report assesses multidimensional poverty among children.
Multidimensional poverty refers to poverty measured through multiple deprivations, not just income.
The report measures deprivation across six categories: education, health, housing, nutrition, sanitation, and water.
Key Findings of SoWC 2025
Monetary & Multidimensional Poverty
More than 19% of children globally live in extreme monetary poverty.
Extreme monetary poverty means surviving on less than US$3 per day.
More than one in five children in LMICs are severely deprived in at least two vital areas.
Severe deprivation refers to lacking essential resources critical for health, development, and wellbeing.
India-Specific Findings
About 206 million children in India experience at least one deprivation.
About 62 million children in India experience two or more deprivations.
Most Widespread Deprivation
Sanitation is identified as the most widespread severe deprivation.
Poor sanitation increases children’s exposure to diseases.
Geographical Concentration
Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest concentration of multidimensionally poor children.
South Asia also records very high rates of multidimensional child poverty.
Factors That Compound Child Poverty
Conflict intensifies child poverty by disrupting services and livelihoods.
Climate crises worsen poverty by damaging infrastructure, food security, and water availability.
Environmental crises add pressure by reducing natural resources essential for survival.
Demographic shifts increase child poverty by straining national systems and resources.
Mounting national debt limits government spending on children’s services.
Widening technological divides restrict children’s access to digital learning and opportunities.
Cuts to Official Development Assistance (ODA) reduce international financing for child welfare programmes.
Official Development Assistance (ODA) refers to government aid provided to promote economic development and welfare in developing countries.
Impact of Child Poverty
Child poverty undermines health by increasing risk of illness and malnutrition.
Child poverty harms development by restricting access to early stimulation and learning.
Child poverty weakens learning outcomes due to limited educational support and resources.
Reduced learning leads to weaker job prospects in adulthood.
Lower economic prospects shorten lifespans due to prolonged hardship and poor health.
Child poverty increases rates of depression and anxiety.
For societies, child poverty undermines future economic prosperity.
Child poverty also creates conditions where violence and extremism can grow.
Five Policy Pillars for Ending Child Poverty
Pillar 1: Governance & Prioritization
Ending child poverty must be made a national priority.
Governments must mobilize resources dedicated to child welfare.
Governments must ensure coordinated action across sectors, such as health, education, and social protection.
Pillar 2: Child-Sensitive Economic Policies
Children’s needs should be integrated into national economic policies.
Child-sensitive budgeting means allocating funds specifically to meet children’s needs.
Pillar 3: Social Protection
Governments should provide social protection programmes for vulnerable families.
Cash support to families helps reduce child poverty by boosting household income.
Targeted cash transfer programmes have proven effective in Brazil.
Similar targeted cash transfer programmes have succeeded in Mexico.
Such programmes have also been effective in South Africa.
Pillar 4: Public Services
Governments must expand access to essential public services for children.
Essential services include education, healthcare, water supply, sanitation facilities, nutrition services and adequate housing.
Pillar 5: Economic Security for Caregivers
Governments must strengthen economic security for parents and caregivers.
Strengthening security includes promoting decent work, meaning safe, fair, and productive employment.
Strengthening security includes enforcing minimum wages.
Strengthening security includes increasing formalization, meaning shifting workers from informal to formal sectors.
Strengthening security includes extending social security systems to all workers.
India’s Record Foodgrain Production – Crop Production Estimates 2024–2025
The Union Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare released the final crop production estimates for the 2024–25 agricultural year.
The estimates highlight a series of record-breaking foodgrain outputs in India.
Overview of the Estimates
Cereal Grains
Cereal grains in India recorded overall growth in 2024–25.
The growth includes rice, which is one of India’s primary staple foods.
The growth includes wheat, another major staple crop of India.
The growth includes maize, which is widely used for food, feed, and industrial purposes.
The growth includes millets, which are climate-resilient grains important for nutrition and sustainability.
Oilseeds
Oilseed production recorded an estimated increase of over 8% compared to 2023–24.
Soybean is a key driver of the growth in oilseed production.
Groundnut is another major contributor to the oilseed production increase.
Government Initiatives for Enhanced Production
MSP Support
The government provided MSP procurement assurance for pulses.
The MSP assurance specifically covers tur, which is also known as pigeon pea.
The MSP assurance covers urad, which is commonly called black gram.
The MSP assurance covers chana, which refers to gram or chickpea.
The MSP assurance covers moong, which refers to green gram.
MSP procurement assurance benefited large numbers of farmers, improving income security.
Self-Reliance in Pulses Mission (2025–26 to 2030–31)
The Self-Reliance in Pulses Mission (2025–26 to 2030–31) aims to achieve self-sufficiency in pulses.
The mission aims to significantly enhance domestic pulses production.
The mission aims to reduce India’s dependence on pulse imports.
The mission aims to sustainably improve farmers’ incomes through better pulse cultivation.
India is the largest producer of pulses globally.
India is also the largest consumer of pulses globally.
India is additionally the largest importer of pulses globally.
Irrigation Development
The government is strengthening irrigation through the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).
PMKSY focuses on expanding irrigation coverage and improving water-use efficiency.
The government also supports irrigation through the Micro Irrigation Fund, which promotes drip and sprinkler irrigation.
Sustainable Agriculture
The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) supports sustainability in farming.
NMSA promotes the use of alternative fertilizers, which reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
NMSA promotes the use of organic fertilizers, which improve soil health and long-term productivity.
These measures aim to enhance productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability.
SC: Judiciary Cannot Impose Timelines on President or Governors
(16th Presidential Reference under Article 143)
A 5-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court delivered a judgment in the 16th Presidential Reference.
The 16th Presidential Reference was made under Article 143 of the Constitution.
Article 143 allows the President to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on important legal or factual questions.
The Court held that judiciary cannot impose timelines on the President or Governors for granting assent to Bills.
The judgment specifically pertains to decisions under Article 200 and Article 201 of the Constitution.
Previous Judicial Position
In April 2025, the Supreme Court had prescribed specific time-limits for the Governor and President to act on Bills.
The April ruling applied to actions taken under Article 200 and Article 201.
Key Highlights of the Judgment
1. No ‘Deemed Assent’
The Court held that ‘Deemed Assent’ is alien to the Constitution.
Deemed Assent refers to the idea that a Bill is automatically approved if no decision is taken within a fixed period.
The Court ruled that such an assumption would amount to judicial usurpation of executive powers.
Judicial usurpation means the judiciary taking over powers assigned to another organ of the State.
The Court held that Deemed Assent violates the Doctrine of Separation of Powers.
The Court also held that it violates the constitutional scheme of federal governance.
2. President and Governors Cannot Delay Bills Indefinitely
The Court ruled that Governors and the President cannot sit on Bills indefinitely.
Indefinite delay violates the principle of federalism.
Indefinite delay also undermines the will of the Legislature.
Indefinite delay further violates constitutional morality, which means adhering to the values underlying the Constitution.
3. Limited Judicial Review
The Court clarified that judicial review is available in cases involving malafide intent.
Malafide intent means acting with bad faith or dishonest purpose.
The judicial review is limited only to examining the process followed.
The Court cannot examine the merits of the assent decision.
4. Presidential Satisfaction
The Court held that the President is not required to seek the Supreme Court’s advice every time a Governor reserves a Bill.
The Court clarified that subjective satisfaction of the President is sufficient.
Subjective satisfaction means the decision is based on the President’s personal constitutional judgment.
About Article 200 and Article 201
Article 200: Governor’s Options
Article 200 applies when a Bill passed by the State Legislature is presented to the Governor.
The Governor may assent to the Bill.
The Governor may withhold assent, which means rejecting the Bill.
The Governor may return the Bill for reconsideration by the State Legislature.
The Governor may reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President.
Article 201: President’s Options
Article 201 applies when a Bill is reserved by the Governor for the President’s consideration.
The President may assent to the Bill.
The President may withhold assent to the Bill.
The President may return the Bill to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
Article 201 does not specify any timeline for the President to make a decision on reserved Bills.
SC: Management Plan for Sustainable Mining (MPSM) in Aravallis
The Supreme Court directed the Centre to prepare a Management Plan for Sustainable Mining (MPSM) for the Aravallis.
The direction was issued while hearing a plea related to the uniform definition of Aravalli Hills and Ranges.
The plea was considered under the T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad Case (1995).
The Godavarman case is a landmark environmental protection case dealing with forest conservation and judicial oversight.
Key Highlights of the Judgment
1. Uniform Definition of Aravalli Hills and Ranges
The Court accepted the Central Empowered Committee (CEC) criteria for defining an Aravalli hill.
The Court defined an Aravalli Hill as any landform in designated districts with 100 metres elevation.
The Court defined an Aravalli Range as a series of hills located within 500 metres proximity of each other.
The Central Empowered Committee (CEC) is a Supreme Court–appointed expert body for environmental matters.
2. Management Plan for Sustainable Mining (MPSM)
The Court directed the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to prepare the MPSM.
The MPSM will be prepared through the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE).
The MPSM will identify areas where mining may be permitted.
The MPSM will also identify ecologically sensitive areas where mining must be prohibited.
The MPSM will designate conservation-critical zones that require complete protection.
The MPSM will also specify restoration priority areas that need ecological recovery.
3. Moratorium on Mining
The Supreme Court imposed a moratorium on new mining leases in Aravalli states.
The Court also prohibited renewal of existing mining leases until the MPSM is finalized.
About the Aravallis
Geographical Features
The Aravallis are the world’s oldest fold mountains, formed during the Pre-Cambrian era.
Fold mountains are created when Earth’s crust folds due to tectonic compression.
The Aravallis span across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Haryana.
The highest peak in the Aravalli range is Guru Shikhar.
Guru Shikhar is located on Mount Abu in Rajasthan.
Ecological & Hydrological Significance
The Aravallis act as a “Green Barrier” against the eastward spread of the Thar Desert.
The Aravallis are a critical aquifer recharge zone, enabling groundwater replenishment.
The range acts as a watershed between the Ganga Basin and the Indus Basin.
A watershed is an area that channels rainfall into rivers, lakes, and groundwater systems.
The Aravallis form a catchment area for rivers such as the Banas.
They also serve as a catchment for the Luni River.
They additionally act as a catchment for the Sahibi River.
The Great Green Wall of Aravalli is an important ecological corridor in the region.
The corridor provides a vital refuge for Indian leopards.
The corridor also supports jackals and other wildlife species.
Government Initiative
The MoEF&CC launched the Aravalli Green Wall Project to restore degraded lands.
The project aims to prevent desertification in the Aravalli landscape.
The project aims to enhance green cover across the Aravalli region.
The project also aims to improve the overall ecological health of the landscape.
India Justice Report: Gaps in the Functioning of the Juvenile Justice Law
The India Justice Report highlighted significant gaps in the functioning of India’s Juvenile Justice system.
The findings were released in a report titled “Juvenile Justice and Children in Conflict with Law.”
The report evaluates the functioning and capacity of the juvenile justice system ten years after the enactment of the Juvenile Justice Act 2015.
The India Justice Report is a biennial quantitative index that evaluates the performance of states and UTs.
The index uses government data to assess and rank the justice system capacity of all states and UTs.
Key Highlights of the Report
1. Inconsistent Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs)
As of 2023–2024, India had 707 Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs).
These 707 boards were spread across 765 districts.
Only 18 states and Jammu & Kashmir had a JJB in every district.
A Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is a statutory body that handles cases involving Children in Conflict with Law (CCL).
2. Rising Case Backlogs
JJBs disposed of only 45% of cases between November 2022 and October 2023.
Low disposal rates indicate increasing case backlogs in the system.
3. High Institutionalisation in Observation Homes
Approximately 83% of children in custodial facilities were housed in Observation Homes.
High institutionalisation reflects prolonged pendency of enquiries.
Observation Homes are temporary residential facilities for children awaiting inquiry.
4. Inadequate Infrastructure and Coverage
Fourteen states did not have a Place of Safety for Children.
A Place of Safety is a facility meant for children accused or convicted of serious offences.
Nationally, there are 319 Observation Homes, 41 Special Homes and 40 Places of Safety.
Recommendations of the Report
1. Strengthen JJB Capacity
The report recommends strengthening the capacity of existing JJB institutions.
Strengthening requires adequate personnel, including judges and superintendents.
2. Leverage Technology
The report suggests using digital case management systems to improve efficiency.
The report recommends centralising databases across police, courts, and child-care institutions.
Database integration enhances coordination and transparency.
3. Prioritise Training
The report advises creating structured training programmes for all stakeholders.
Training programmes must follow competency-based frameworks.
Stakeholders include police personnel, who interact first with juvenile cases.
Stakeholders also include JJB members, who handle inquiries.
Stakeholders further include probation officers, who prepare social investigation reports.
Stakeholders also include lawyers and child protection personnel.
4. Independent Evaluations
The report recommends conducting periodic independent evaluations of the juvenile justice system.
These evaluations must be carried out by academic bodies and civil society organisations.
Such evaluations are mandated under Section 55 of the Juvenile Justice Act.
About the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
Purpose of the Act
The Juvenile Justice Act 2015 consolidates and amends laws relating to Children in Conflict with Law (CCL).
The Act also covers Children in Need of Care and Protection (CNCP).
A Child in Conflict with Law (CCL) is a child below 18 years of age alleged or found to have committed an offence.
Juvenile Justice Boards
The Act mandates the establishment of a Juvenile Justice Board in every district.
JJBs are responsible for handling cases involving CCL.
Monitoring Mechanism
The Act provides for monitoring of implementation by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) at the national level.
The Act provides for monitoring by State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCRs) at the state level.
Preliminary Assessment
The Act requires the JJB to conduct a preliminary assessment in certain cases.
Preliminary assessment applies to heinous offences alleged to be committed by a child above 16 years of age.
The assessment examines the mental and physical capacity of the child to commit the offence.
The assessment also examines the circumstances in which the offence was committed.
After assessment, the Children’s Court may decide whether the child can be tried as an adult.
Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
India described the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) as a key tool for equitable and scalable global climate action.
India made this statement at COP30 held in Belém, Brazil.
About the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
History
The JCM was initiated by Japan in 2013.
The mechanism was created to promote low-carbon technologies through bilateral crediting partnerships.
A bilateral crediting partnership involves two countries collaborating to reduce emissions and share carbon credits.
Aim
The JCM aims to facilitate the diffusion of leading decarbonizing technologies.
The mechanism also aims to support the development of low-carbon infrastructure.
The JCM promotes investments by Japanese entities in partner countries.
These investments contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions.
These investments also contribute to GHG removals, which refer to activities that extract carbon from the atmosphere.
The mechanism simultaneously promotes sustainable development in partner countries.
Partnership
The JCM currently spans 31 partner countries.
The mechanism includes more than 280 projects implemented globally.
The JCM includes India–Japan collaboration as part of its expanding partnership network.
Framework & Governance
The JCM functions under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
Article 6 enables countries to collaborate on emission reduction efforts through cooperative mechanisms.
Under Article 6, the JCM supports transparent carbon credit sharing.
The mechanism also promotes mobilization of climate finance for clean technologies.
Focus Areas
The JCM focuses on renewable energy systems integrated with storage technologies.
The mechanism supports projects in green hydrogen production.
The mechanism supports projects in green ammonia production.
The JCM focuses on sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).
The mechanism also promotes biogas-based energy solutions.
The JCM targets hard-to-abate sectors, which are industries that are difficult to decarbonize due to technological limitations.
Global Mutirão Initiative (COP30, Brazil)
The Global Mutirão initiative was highlighted at COP30 held in Brazil.
The initiative calls for urgent and collective mobilization to enforce a transition away from fossil fuels.
A transition away from fossil fuels indicates a shift toward renewable and low-carbon energy systems.
About Global Mutirão
History & Origin
The initiative is inspired by the Brazilian and Indigenous tradition of ‘mutirão’.
The term mutirão refers to community labour undertaken collectively for shared goals.
The COP30 Presidency adapted the mutirão tradition into a global climate mobilization tool.
Concept
Global Mutirão presents climate action as a cooperative and society-wide effort.
The initiative aligns its actions with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C temperature target.
The 1.5°C target refers to limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels to avoid severe climate impacts.
Scope & Participation
The initiative seeks active participation from national governments.
It also seeks participation from city administrations.
It invites engagement from the private sector.
It encourages involvement from civil society groups.
The initiative aims to accelerate climate implementation efforts.
The initiative aims to mobilize climate finance.
The initiative aims to support rapid deployment of climate technologies.
Platforms & Tools
The initiative uses digital platforms to broaden participation.
One such platform is the Maloca digital hub.
The Maloca hub is designed to link local climate action with global climate goals.
UNFCCC COP – Upcoming Host and Presidency
Türkiye will host the UNFCCC COP31.
Australia will hold the presidency of COP31.
A COP presidency refers to the country responsible for guiding negotiations and setting the agenda during that COP session.
About UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP)
Nature and Role
The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC.
The UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) is the global treaty framework addressing climate change.
The COP brings together all member countries of the UNFCCC, known as Parties.
Purpose and Functioning
COP meetings are annual conferences.
At these conferences, Parties assess global and national progress on climate action.
Parties also negotiate climate agreements during COP sessions.
Parties refine or enhance their commitments to address climate change at each COP.
Key Mandates
A key task of the COP is to review national communications submitted by Parties.
A national communication includes a country’s climate policies, actions, and progress indicators.
The COP also reviews emission inventories submitted by Parties.
Emission inventories include Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
NDCs represent each country’s planned actions to reduce emissions and enhance climate resilience under the Paris Agreement.
Historical Reference
COP 1 was held in Berlin, Germany, in 1995.
COP 1 marked the first formal meeting of the Parties after the UNFCCC entered into force.
Javelin and Excalibur – U.S. Arms Sale to India
The U.S. has approved the sale of Javelin anti-tank missile systems to India.
The sale also includes Excalibur guided artillery munitions and related equipment.
The total worth of the sale is $93 million.
About Javelin Missile System (FGM-148 Javelin)
The Javelin missile is manufactured by a joint venture of Lockheed Martin and Raytheon.
It is a man-portable anti-tank guided missile, meaning it can be carried and operated by infantry.
The missile is a “fire-and-forget” weapon, which allows operators to move immediately after firing.
The Javelin can defeat main-battle tanks and other armoured threats.
It uses top-attack or direct attack modes to destroy targets effectively.
It is a medium-range missile suitable for use against multiple targets including armoured vehicles, bunkers, and caves.
About Excalibur Guided Artillery Munition
The Excalibur munition is developed by Raytheon Missiles & Defense (RTX).
It is a precision-guided 155 mm artillery round, which allows accurate targeting.
Excalibur provides long-range precision strikes.
The system minimizes collateral damage while targeting enemy positions.
Excalibur also reduces logistical burden, meaning fewer rounds are needed for effective engagement.
Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) – FSSAI Directive
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has directed states and UTs to remove beverages and similar products being marketed using the term ORS.
The directive ensures that only authentic WHO-recommended ORS products are associated with the term.
About ORS
Definition and Purpose
The ORS term is associated exclusively with WHO-recommended Oral Rehydration Salts, which are drug products.
ORS is a simple, low-cost glucose electrolyte solution.
It is used to prevent and treat dehydration caused by acute diarrhoeal diseases.
Acute diarrhoeal diseases are a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries.
Composition
WHO-recommended ORS salts contain sodium chloride.
They also contain glucose (anhydrous).
Potassium chloride is included in the composition.
Trisodium citrate (dihydrate) is also a component of ORS.
Glucose in ORS enhances sodium and water absorption in the body.
Sodium and potassium in ORS replace essential electrolytes lost due to dehydration.
Citrate in ORS helps correct dehydration-related acidosis, which is a condition where blood becomes too acidic due to fluid loss.
Dark Patterns – E-Commerce Compliance
Recently, 26 E-Commerce platforms declared compliance to eliminate Dark Patterns.
These platforms voluntarily submitted self-declaration letters confirming adherence.
The compliance is in line with the Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023.
About Dark Patterns
Definition
Dark Patterns are deceptive online design tactics used to mislead users.
These tactics manipulate users into unintended actions during online transactions.
Examples include false urgency, which creates a fake sense of time pressure.
Another example is basket sneaking, where additional items are added to the cart without user consent.
Regulation
Dark Patterns are identified and prohibited under the Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023.
These guidelines were issued by the Department of Consumer Affairs.
The guidelines aim to protect consumer interests and ensure fair online practices.
Pharmacogenomics – Revolutionizing Precision Medicine
Pharmacogenomics is revolutionizing precision medicine by using an individual’s genetic profile to tailor drug prescriptions.
The approach ensures maximum drug safety and efficacy for patients.
About Pharmacogenomics
Definition
Pharmacogenomics merges pharmacology and genomics to study how genes influence drug responses.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body.
Genomics is the study of an individual’s genes and their functions.
Purpose
Pharmacogenomics helps predict which medications will be effective for a patient.
It also identifies drugs that may not work in certain individuals.
Additionally, it predicts medications that could cause adverse reactions, enhancing patient safety.
Promise
Pharmacogenomics supports precision medicine by guiding the “right drug, right dose, right patient” approach.
Precision medicine refers to customizing healthcare treatments based on individual characteristics, including genetics.
Safety
It significantly reduces adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
ADRs are minimized by identifying patients predisposed to toxicity or poor drug efficacy.
Challenges
Wider adoption is limited due to access issues to pharmacogenomic testing.
Lack of diverse population data constrains the applicability of findings across different ethnic groups.
Integration into clinical practice remains a challenge for healthcare systems worldwide.
Indian Shipping Vessels – Policy Updates
The Centre has abolished Sign-On, Sign-Off & Shore Leave Passes (SLP) Rules for all Indian vessels exclusively operating in Indian waters.
SLP (Shore Leave Passes) previously required seafarers to physically appear at immigration offices for issuance and extensions every 10 days.
This requirement caused operational delays and disrupted crew duties on board.
Other Initiatives Promoting Indian Shipping Vessels
The Right of First Refusal (ROFR) policy gives Indian shipping companies priority in contracts or tenders.
The government provides subsidy support to Indian shipping companies to reduce operational costs.
The Ship Building Financial Assistance Policy offers financial incentives for ship construction in India, promoting domestic shipbuilding.
Comments