Daily Current Affairs – 25 June 2025
- TPP
- Jun 25
- 18 min read
Updated: Jun 26
Welcome to your one-stop destination for crisp, reliable, and exam-relevant Daily Current Affairs. The PRESS Pad delivers daily updates and smart summaries that go beyond the headlines and align perfectly with the evolving pattern of UPSC and other state-level examinations.
Today's edition features key updates including Sustainable Development Report (SDR) 2025, PSL Norms for Small Finance Banks, CDS Empowered To Issue Joint Orders, NITI Aayog Report, Estimates Committee, NAVYA Initiative, Amended BharatNet Program, Emergency Procurement, Critical and Emerging Technologies Index, Epigenetic Programming, Tansen, Black Mass Recovery Technology and more…
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India Enters Top 100 in Sustainable Development Report (SDR) 2025 |
The 2025 Sustainable Development Report (SDR), themed “Financing Sustainable Development to 2030 and Mid-Century”, tracks global progress on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by UN member states in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
SDGs are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all, succeeding the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000–2015) which primarily targeted extreme poverty reduction.
The SDR is annually released since 2016 by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (UNSDSN), launched in 2012 to mobilize global scientific and technological expertise for achieving the SDGs and the Paris Climate Agreement.
India has, for the first time, entered the top 100 in the SDR 2025, securing 99th place out of 167 countries, a significant leap from 109th rank in 2024, reflecting its sustained progress in sustainable development.
India scored 67 on the SDG Index, which measures a country’s overall progress toward achieving all 17 SDGs on a scale where 100 indicates complete achievement.
Finland ranked first globally, maintaining its leadership in sustainability, while China ranked 49th (74.4 points), and the United States stood at 44th (75.2 points).
Among India’s neighbours, Bhutan (74th, 70.5) and Nepal (85th, 68.6) performed better than India, while Bangladesh (114th, 63.9) and Pakistan (140th, 57) lagged behind; Maldives and Sri Lanka ranked 53rd and 93rd respectively.
India’s rank progression highlights steady improvement: 121st in 2022, 112th in 2023, 109th in 2024, and 99th in 2025, showcasing consistent policy efforts and development outcomes.
Globally, 190 of 193 UN member states have submitted national action plans for the SDGs, reflecting strong commitment—but none of the SDGs are currently on track to be fully achieved by 2030.
The report warns that only 17% of SDG targets are on track, with progress impeded by conflicts, structural vulnerabilities (e.g. weak governance, poor infrastructure), and limited fiscal space (tight government budgets limiting public investment).
East and South Asia have shown the fastest regional progress since 2015, attributed to rapid socio-economic development in countries like Nepal (+11.1 points), Cambodia (+10), Philippines (+8.6), Bangladesh (+8.3), and Mongolia (+7.7).
Beyond Asia, notable improvements were seen in Benin (+14.5), Uzbekistan (+12.1), UAE (+9.9), Peru (+8.7), Saudi Arabia (+8.1), and Costa Rica (+7)—indicating broad progress in developing regions.
The SDG Index highlights major advancements in basic services such as mobile broadband access (SDG 9 – Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), electricity access (SDG 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy), internet usage (SDG 9), under-five mortality (SDG 3 – Good Health), and neonatal mortality (SDG 3).
However, five areas have significantly regressed since 2015: obesity rates (SDG 2 – Zero Hunger), press freedom (SDG 16 – Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions), sustainable nitrogen management (SDG 2), biodiversity loss measured by the Red List Index (SDG 15 – Life on Land), and the Corruption Perceptions Index (SDG 16).
In terms of UN Multilateralism (UN-Mi Index), which measures a country's support for the UN system, Barbados ranks highest, while the United States ranks last (193rd) for the second consecutive year due to its oppositional policy stance toward the SDGs.
Among G20 economies, Brazil leads (25th) in UN multilateralism support, and within the OECD, Chile ranks highest (7th).
The SDR 2025 was authored by a team led by renowned economist Jeffrey Sachs, and continues to highlight the dominance of European nations in sustainable development: 19 of the top 20 countries are in Europe, led by Finland, Sweden, and Denmark.
However, even these top-performing European countries face sustainability challenges, particularly around climate change and biodiversity, stemming from unsustainable consumption patterns.
The report highlights the critical role of global financing in achieving the SDGs, noting that high-income countries have delayed capital support to multilateral development banks (MDBs), causing a shortfall in resources for developing nations.
The SDR is released ahead of the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4), scheduled in Seville, Spain from June 30 to July 3, 2025, with a strong call for reform of the global financial architecture (GFA).
The report emphasizes that money flows readily to rich countries, while emerging and developing economies (EMDEs)—despite higher growth potential—face financial constraints, hence calling for GFA reform to be a top priority at FfD4.
RBI Relaxed Priority Sector Lending (PSL) Norms for Small Finance Banks (SFBs) |
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has revised its Priority Sector Lending (PSL) norms for Small Finance Banks (SFBs) under the authority of Section 22(1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
Priority Sector Lending (PSL), introduced in the 1970s, mandates banks to allocate a fixed portion of their credit to specific socially beneficial sectors such as agriculture, MSMEs, housing, and education, to promote financial inclusion.
Under previous guidelines, SFBs were required to allocate 75% of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) towards PSL sectors —
ANBC includes Net Bank Credit (NBC) and investments in non-Statutory Liquidity Ratio (non-SLR) bonds.
This 75% PSL requirement was split into two components:
40% of ANBC was a mandatory allocation to core PSL categories (e.g., agriculture, microenterprises), and
35% was flexibly allocated to any PSL sectors where SFBs had competitive or operational advantage.
As per the new PSL norms (effective from FY 2025-26), the total PSL requirement for SFBs has been reduced to 60% of ANBC, representing a significant regulatory relaxation.
6. Within the revised 60% target, the structure is now:
40% remains mandatory for core PSL sectors, while
20% is now flexibly deployable, including non-PSL secured lending such as Loans Against Property (LAP) and personal loans — a key shift from the earlier PSL-only limitation.
This change will unlock nearly ₹40,000 crore of capital for SFBs to lend in lower-risk, secured segments, enabling them to diversify their loan books beyond the high-risk microfinance concentration.
Such diversification reduces credit concentration risk, enhances portfolio stability, and aligns SFB operations more closely with mainstream banking practices.
Small Finance Banks (SFBs) were conceived in the 2014–15 Union Budget to serve the dual purpose of inclusive savings mobilization and credit delivery to underserved groups like small business units, marginal farmers, and low-income households.
Structurally, SFBs are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act, 2013 and operate with a banking license under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
The minimum capital requirement for setting up an SFB is ₹200 crore in paid-up voting equity; however, for Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs) transitioning into SFBs, the initial capital requirement is ₹100 crore, to be ramped up to ₹200 crore eventually.
The updated PSL framework benefits SFBs by offering greater lending flexibility, supporting business model evolution, and improving asset quality via exposure to secured credit avenues.
Overall, the policy shift represents a calibrated move by the RBI to balance financial inclusion goals with systemic stability, allowing SFBs to mature into full-spectrum lenders without diluting their developmental mandate.
Applicability of PSL norms extends beyond SFBs to Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Local Area Banks (LABs), and Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs) — except for Salary Earners’ Banks, which are excluded.
Core PSL categories continue to include Agriculture; Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs); Export Credit; Education; Housing; Social Infrastructure; Renewable Energy, and other essential sectors contributing to socio-economic development.
PM Participated in Centenary celebration of Conversation Between Sree Narayana Guru and Mahatma Gandhi |
Prime Minister recently participated in the centenary celebration of the historic conversation between Sree Narayana Guru and Mahatma Gandhi, originally held in 1925 at Sivagiri Mutt, Kerala.
The 1925 meeting centered on critical issues like the Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25), non-violence (Ahimsa), the abolition of untouchability, and the upliftment of the downtrodden.
The Vaikom Satyagraha was a pivotal social justice movement in Travancore, advocating for temple entry rights for oppressed castes, strongly supported by both Gandhi and Narayana Guru.
Mahatma Gandhi’s Ahimsa (non-violence) was not merely a political strategy but a spiritual creed, rejecting all religious and political ideologies that conflicted with truth (Satya) and non-violence (Ahimsa).
Gandhi believed violence negated the highest spiritual force, and non-violence was the ideal path to realizing God, yet he saw compassion as just one of the several virtues underpinning Ahimsa.
In contrast, Sree Narayana Guru adopted a compassion-centric approach, asserting that compassion is the central virtue of an Advaiti (a follower of Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic spiritual philosophy).
In his profound spiritual work "Atmopadesa Śatakam", Guru wrote that true happiness is when one’s actions bring joy to others, reflecting his ethical foundation rooted in shared well-being.
For Narayana Guru, non-violence was not just a principle but the very nature of an Advaiti, integrating spiritual realization with social responsibility.
Sree Narayana Guru (1856–1928) was born into the Ezhava community, considered backward at the time, near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, and emerged as a saint, seer, poet, philosopher, and radical social reformer.
He led a transformative anti-caste movement, emphasizing dignity, equality, and education for oppressed communities in Kerala’s rigid caste-based society.
Guru founded the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam, a socio-religious organization that mobilized marginalized communities and institutionalized efforts toward social justice and self-respect.
His literary works like “Atmopadesa Satakam” and “Nivritti Panchakam” continue to be influential in spiritual, philosophical, and social discourses even today.
His timeless motto — “One Caste, One Religion, One God for All” — was a revolutionary call for social equality and unity, challenging all forms of discrimination and sectarianism.
Guru’s teachings remain deeply relevant today in promoting equality, social reform, and peaceful coexistence, particularly in the face of rising social polarizations and identity-based divisions.
His contributions to religious harmony foster interfaith respect and act as a spiritual counter to extremism, nurturing a culture of universal brotherhood.
The centenary of the conversation between Gandhi and Narayana Guru serves as a reminder of India’s ethical foundations in non-violence, inclusion, and dignity for all, reinforcing their legacy in modern policymaking and civic life.
CDS Empowered To Issue Joint Orders For The Three Forces |
In a landmark move toward military reform, the Defence Minister has empowered the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) to issue joint operational orders for the Army, Navy, and Air Force, replacing the earlier practice where each service issued separate instructions independently.
This authority marks a critical shift towards jointness and integration, aiming for better coordination, faster decision-making, and elimination of redundancy in the Indian Armed Forces.
Jointness refers to the synergised use of resources and capabilities of the three services, while still respecting their individual strengths and operational uniqueness.
It enables optimal deployment of military power, reduces duplication, and improves inter-service cooperation, which is essential in today’s complex, multi-domain warfare scenarios.
Integration, on the other hand, takes jointness a step further by formally combining elements of the three services into unified structures or commands.
Integration is a key prerequisite for creating Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) — military structures that group units from all services under a single commander, based on geographic regions or strategic functions.
Both jointness and integration are included among the nine priority areas for defence reforms in 2025, which has been officially declared as the "Year of Reforms" by the Ministry of Defence.
These reforms are expected to streamline command structures, cut procedural redundancies, and significantly boost operational synergy across the three armed forces.
A major step in this direction is the proposal for Theatrisation, which includes the creation of Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) and Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) to enable combined and region-specific deployment of Army, Navy, and Air Force assets.
Additionally, the Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control, and Discipline) Rules, 2025 have been introduced to ensure effective command and control over Inter-Services Organisations (ISOs) for smoother joint functioning.
The appointment of the CDS itself in 2019 was a transformative reform, aimed at bringing about jointness in operations, logistics, training, transport, and human resource management of the three forces.
To institutionalize the CDS role, the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) was created within the Ministry of Defence, with the CDS serving as its Secretary, responsible for military policy coordination and joint planning.
India already has successful examples of joint commands, such as the Andaman and Nicobar Command (A&NC) — the country’s first tri-service command — and the Strategic Forces Command, which is responsible for managing India’s nuclear arsenal.
Supporting these initiatives, the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS) functions as a tri-service organization, providing unified military advice to the government and coordinating joint planning.
The recent empowerment of the CDS to issue joint orders is not only symbolic but also a practical step toward theatre-level war preparedness, institutional coherence, and a modern, integrated defence architecture.
NITI Aayog Report Highlights Urgent Need for Better Data Quality in Digital Governance |
A recent report by NITI Aayog, titled “India’s Data Imperative: The Pivot Towards Quality,” highlights the urgent need to improve data quality as India progresses in its digital governance journey.
The report acknowledges that over the past decade, India has emerged as a global leader in Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), with platforms like UPI, Aadhaar, CoWIN, and DigiLocker revolutionizing service delivery.
However, as India enters the next phase of digital transformation, the report urges a shift from scale-centric approaches to quality-centric data practices to ensure long-term efficiency and trust.
According to the report, quality data is defined by six core attributes — accuracy, completeness, timeliness, consistency, validity, and uniqueness, all essential for precise governance and service delivery.
High-quality data is the backbone of efficient digital governance, enhancing the performance of systems like Aadhaar-enabled Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs), and ensuring smoother, faster, and error-free government services.
Accurate data can prevent fiscal leakage, as duplicate or incorrect entries inflate welfare budgets by 4–7% annually, draining valuable public funds.
Moreover, quality data cultivates public trust, as it ensures better targeting, timely services, and fewer rejections or delays, which in turn reduces citizen frustration and disengagement.
Despite progress, several pervasive challenges hinder data quality in governance systems, especially at the field implementation and backend architecture levels.
One such issue is faulty data capture, where field programs often prioritize speed over accuracy, leading to a culture where even 80% correctness is considered acceptable.
Fragmented data storage is another hurdle — while some departments use modern cloud-based systems, many still rely on outdated databases with no audit trails or standardized formats, causing inefficiency.
The report also flags inconsistent data sharing practices, where departments follow different data formats, update cycles, and policies, making data integration complex, slow, and costly.
Poor archival practices further degrade data quality, as obsolete records are rarely cleaned out, which slows down systems and increases risks of data breaches and misuse.
To address these systemic gaps, the report introduces a Data-Quality Scorecard, a tool to measure, monitor, and improve the reliability and usability of datasets across departments.
Complementing this, the report proposes a Data-Quality Maturity Framework—a structured roadmap to help departments evaluate and upgrade their data systems systematically.
The Data-Quality Maturity Framework is built on seven key dimensions, each reflecting a critical domain of data management, and includes five levels of maturity, from basic to advanced practices.
The seven dimensions include:
Data Governance & Ownership
Data Capture & Validation Controls
Quality Monitoring & Reporting
Standards & Metadata
Correction & Feedback Loops
Interoperability & Integration
Culture & Capacity
This framework serves as a self-assessment and reform tool, enabling institutions to map their current practices and plan incremental upgrades aligned with national digital governance goals.
Overall, the report makes a compelling case that data quality is not a technical afterthought but a strategic imperative, vital to achieving efficient, transparent, and citizen-centric governance.
Committee on Estimates (or Estimates Committee) |
The Estimates Committee recently completed 75 years since its establishment, marking a significant milestone in India's parliamentary financial oversight.
It is the largest of the three Financial Standing Committees of Parliament, the other two being the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU).
The Estimates Committee was established in 1950, shortly after India’s Constitution came into force, to ensure accountability in public expenditure and promote efficiency in government functioning.
It comprises 30 members, all elected from the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament); importantly, Ministers are not eligible to be members to maintain independence from the executive.
The Chairperson of the committee is appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from among the elected members, ensuring internal parliamentary control over its leadership.
The committee functions with a term of one year, after which it is reconstituted, enabling fresh scrutiny and flexibility in membership.
One of its key functions is to examine the estimates included in the budget and suggest how government expenditure can be economized without affecting service delivery.
It also suggests alternative policies that can increase efficiency and effectiveness in government operations and the implementation of public programs.
Another critical role is to conduct an expenditure review—analyzing whether funds allocated to policies and schemes are being utilized appropriately and yielding intended outcomes.
The committee may also recommend organizational improvements in ministries or departments to promote better performance and resource utilization.
It provides suggestions on the format and presentation of budget estimates, ensuring they are clear, transparent, and accessible for parliamentary scrutiny.
The recommendations of the Estimates Committee are submitted to the Lok Sabha, and the concerned ministries are required to take action on them—either within six months or as per the timeline directed by the committee.
While the Estimates Committee does not have executive powers, its role in advising on better governance, fiscal discipline, and administrative reform makes it a cornerstone of India’s parliamentary accountability framework.
NAVYA Initiative |
The Government of India has recently launched the NAVYA vocational training initiative, a targeted program aimed at empowering adolescent girls aged 16–18 years through advanced skill development.
The initiative is a joint effort by the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and the Ministry of Women and Child Development, reflecting an integrated approach to gender empowerment through skilling.
NAVYA is implemented under PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 4.0, the flagship scheme for skill development, which provides NSQF-aligned training—ensuring that the skills imparted match the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) standards.
PMKVY 4.0 emphasizes not only basic training, but also reskilling and upskilling, enabling beneficiaries to keep pace with emerging technologies and market needs.
The primary objective of NAVYA is to equip adolescent girls with vocational skills that extend beyond traditional roles, preparing them for employment and entrepreneurial opportunities in non-conventional sectors.
The initiative aims to break gender stereotypes by training girls in forward-looking domains like Graphic Designing, Smartphone Repairing, and Drone Assembly, which are typically male-dominated and tech-centric fields.
NAVYA is being implemented in a targeted manner, focusing on 27 aspirational districts spread across 19 states, ensuring that the benefits reach underprivileged and underserved regions of the country.
The choice of aspirational districts—as identified under the NITI Aayog's Aspirational Districts Programme—reflects the government's intent to promote inclusive development in backward areas with low human development indicators.
By linking adolescent girls with industry-relevant skills, NAVYA seeks to not only improve their employability but also foster economic independence, self-confidence, and gender equity in India’s evolving workforce.
Overall, NAVYA stands as a strategic initiative to integrate skill development with social empowerment, aiming to create a future-ready, gender-inclusive skilling ecosystem in India.
Gujarat: First state to implement Amended BharatNet Program (ABP) |
The BharatNet Program was originally launched to provide high-speed broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats (GPs)—local village governing bodies—across India, aiming to bridge the digital divide in rural areas.
In 2023, the program was enhanced and approved as the Amended BharatNet Program (ABP), introducing significant design improvements for better efficiency and coverage.
Under ABP, the objective is to provide Optical Fibre (OF) connectivity—a technology that uses light signals for ultra-fast internet—to approximately 2.64 lakh (264,000) Gram Panchayats arranged in a ring topology, which is a network design where devices connect in a circular manner to ensure redundancy and reliability.
Additionally, OF connectivity will be extended to the remaining non-GP villages on a demand basis, allowing flexible expansion as per local requirements.
The network infrastructure will be based on an IP-MPLS (Internet Protocol Multi-Protocol Label Switching) system—an advanced routing technology that efficiently manages data traffic with speed and security—deploying routers both at the Block (sub-district) and Gram Panchayat levels for seamless communication.
To ensure sustained service quality, the program includes a comprehensive operation and maintenance plan spanning 10 years, guaranteeing long-term network stability and performance.
Every FTTH (Fiber To The Home) subscriber—meaning individual users receiving fiber connectivity directly to their premises—will enjoy a minimum guaranteed download speed of 25 Mbps, supporting activities from basic internet browsing to streaming and digital services.
The Last-Mile Network—the final leg of the network connecting the main fiber infrastructure to end users—will be implemented using the innovative BharatNet Udyami model, which promotes entrepreneurship by involving local businesses in network deployment and management.
Notably, Gujarat became the pioneer state to adopt and implement the ABP under a state-led model, showcasing a successful example of decentralized management aligned with national objectives.
Emergency Procurement (EP) |
The Ministry of Defence has recently concluded the 6th phase of contracts under the Emergency Procurement (EP) mechanism, aimed at rapidly enhancing the capabilities of India’s Armed Forces.
This procurement specifically focuses on improving situational awareness (the ability to perceive and understand operational environments), lethality (combat effectiveness), mobility, and protection for troops engaged in critical counter-terrorism (CT) operations.
The EP mechanism was introduced as a strategic responsefollowing significant military events such as the 2016 surgical strikes, the 2019 Balakot airstrike, and the 2020 Ladakh standoff with China, which highlighted the need for faster procurement processes.
The core purpose of the EP mechanism is to enable fast-track defence procurement, bypassing the traditionally lengthy and bureaucratic standard procedures that can delay urgent acquisitions.
Currently, the Armed Forces are authorized to allocate up to 15% of their capital budget—funds reserved for acquiring long-term assets like weapons and equipment—specifically for the urgent purchase of critical items to quickly replenish operational stocks (inventory of supplies needed for active deployment).
Critical and Emerging Technologies Index |
The Critical and Emerging Technologies Index has been launched to evaluate the performance of 25 countries across five pivotal technology sectors: Artificial Intelligence (AI), biotechnology, semiconductors, space technologies, and quantum technologies—each representing transformative areas shaping the global future.
This index is published by the renowned Harvard Kennedy School, adding academic rigor and credibility to its assessments.
To comprehensively define and measure each technology sector, the index uses six key criteria:
Geopolitical significance (how technology influences global power dynamics),
Systemic leverage (technology’s ability to impact multiple sectors),
GDP contribution (economic impact on a country's gross domestic product),
Dual-use potential (technologies applicable in both civilian and military contexts),
Supply chain risk (vulnerabilities in sourcing and manufacturing), and
Time to maturity (the duration required for technology to become fully developed and commercially viable).
The key findings reveal that India significantly lags behind the top three leaders—the U.S., China, and Europe—across most technology sectors, indicating gaps in innovation, infrastructure, and investment.
Specifically, India trails markedly in critical technologies, with semiconductor technology—a fundamental component for electronic devices and digital infrastructure—being a major area of concern.
Epigenetic Programming |
Recently, scientists in China achieved a groundbreaking milestone by using DNA editing to produce fertile mice from two male parents for the first time, marking a significant advance in reproductive biology.
This innovative research leverages epigenetic programming as a reproductive tool to breed motherless mice without compromising their health or fertility, demonstrating new possibilities in genetic and reproductive science.
To understand this, it is important to know that epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression—how genes are turned on or off—that occur without any alteration to the underlying DNA sequence itself.
Epigenetic programming refers to specific genetic modifications that influence gene activity without changing the actual DNA code; these modifications are chemical tags or markers attached to the DNA that regulate gene function.
These modifications do not alter the sequence of DNA’s building blocks (nucleotides), but they impact how genes are expressed or silenced.
Collectively, all such modifications and markers that regulate gene expression across the complete set of DNA in a cell, known as the genome, form the epigenome—a dynamic layer of control over genetic information.
Tansen |
The Madhya Pradesh High Court recently denied permission to conduct religious and cultural activities at the tomb of Hazrat Sheikh Muhammad Ghaus in Gwalior, a historic monument that also houses the graves of Tansen, the legendary musician.
Tansen, originally named Ramtanu in his childhood, was a seminal figure in Hindustani classical music, born in the city of Gwalior, which has a rich musical heritage.
The title “Tansen” was bestowed upon him by Raja Vikramjit of Gwalior, marking his prominence and recognition as a master musician.
Tansen received his musical training under Swami Haridas, a revered saint and musician, which laid the foundation for his mastery in classical music.
He is renowned for composing Dhrupad—one of the oldest forms of Hindustani classical vocal music—dedicated to Hindu deities as well as his royal patrons, including Ramchandra Vaghela and the Mughal emperor Akbar.
Tansen was one of the celebrated Navaratnas (nine jewels) at Akbar’s court, a group of nine extraordinary talents who excelled in various arts and sciences.
Among his notable contributions are the creation of famous ragas such as Miyan ki Malhar, Miyan ki Todi, and Darbari, which remain central to Indian classical music today.
His musical legacy continued through his descendants and disciples, collectively known as the Seniyas, who preserved and propagated his style and compositions.
Black Mass Recovery Technology |
The Technology Development Board (TDB) has extended financial support to promote the commercialisation of an indigenous battery recycling technology that employs a dual-mode (wet and dry) black mass recovery process, marking a significant step toward sustainable energy solutions.
To understand the importance of this technology, it is essential to know what black mass is: when a lithium-ion battery reaches the end of its life cycle, it still contains valuable materials in the form of a dark, powdery substance called black mass, which is a mixture of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel.
This black mass can be recovered through specialized processes, refined, and reused, thereby enabling the creation of the next generation of clean energy technologies and reducing dependence on raw material extraction.
The black mass recovery technology focuses on extracting these valuable elements from used lithium-ion batteries with high precision, achieving separation efficiencies and recovery rates of up to 97–99%, ensuring minimal waste and maximum reuse.
By supporting such indigenous technologies, TDB is fostering innovation in battery recycling, contributing to environmental sustainability and resource conservation in the rapidly growing electric vehicle and renewable energy sectors.
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