Daily Current Affairs - 7th November 2025
- TPP
- Nov 7
- 17 min read
If you missed Monthly Current Affairs Pointers (CAP) | Sept - Oct 2025, read it here.
Wildlife Institute of India (WII) releases its 1st Pan-India Assessment and Monitoring of Endangered Species (Vultures) |
The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) has released the first-ever nationwide assessment of endangered vulture species in India.
This Pan-India assessment estimated the breeding adult populations of vultures across the country.
The study primarily focused on four Critically Endangered species — the White-rumped Vulture, Indian Vulture, Slender-billed Vulture, and Red-headed Vulture.
These species are categorized as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List, meaning they face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
Major Findings of the Assessment
The Geographic Scope of the survey covered 216 sites across 17 states of India.
The survey revealed a severe contraction in the range of vulture nesting areas.
It recorded the absence of nesting in nearly 70% of historical sites that were previously known for vulture presence.
The findings indicate a high dependence on Protected Areas (PAs) for nesting and survival.
Protected Areas (PAs) such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves accounted for 54% of all documented vulture nests.
This shows that vultures rely heavily on legally protected habitats for successful breeding and nesting.
Species-Specific Findings
The Indian Vulture (Gyps indicus) was found mainly in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Its largest population was recorded at the Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan.
The species depends on secure cliff sites for nesting and protection from disturbance.
The White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) was found to be concentrated in the Kangra Valley of Himachal Pradesh.
The Slender-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris) breeds primarily in Upper Assam, indicating a localized distribution.
The Red-headed Vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) was observed mainly in Madhya Pradesh.
This species depends on dense, undisturbed forest habitats for survival.
Its population remains extremely low and highly fragmented, posing serious conservation challenges.
About Vultures
Vultures are large carrion-eating birds, meaning they feed on dead animal carcasses.
They are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions, including across India.
India is home to nine vulture species, making it a significant stronghold for their global population.
Vultures play a critical ecological role by cleaning the environment through carcass consumption.
This role helps in preventing the spread of wildlife and zoonotic diseases.
Conservation Status and Legal Protection
All vulture species are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which provides the highest level of legal protection in India.
Despite protection, vulture populations have declined sharply over the past decades due to multiple threats.
Major Threats to Vultures
Habitat loss due to deforestation and land-use change has reduced their nesting sites.
Food scarcity arising from declining wild ungulate and livestock carcasses has worsened survival rates.
Diclofenac poisoning has been the most severe threat, caused by ingestion of livestock carcasses treated with the veterinary drug diclofenac, which is fatal to vultures.
Other veterinary painkillers like ketoprofen and aceclofenac have also been linked to vulture deaths.
Electrocution from power lines adds further mortality pressure.
Conservation Initiatives
The Government of India has banned the veterinary use of diclofenac, ketoprofen, and aceclofenac to protect vulture populations.
It has also launched the Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2020–25) to guide species recovery and habitat protection.
This plan emphasizes establishing Vulture Safe Zones, captive breeding programs, and monitoring of vulture populations.
The WII’s first national vulture assessment provides a comprehensive baseline for future conservation planning. It highlights the urgent need to protect remaining nesting habitats, reduce poisoning threats, and strengthen monitoring systems. Sustained policy commitment and local community involvement are essential to prevent extinction and ensure the long-term survival of India’s vultures.
Failure to Supply Written Grounds of Arrest Renders Arrest Illegal: Supreme Court (SC) |
The Supreme Court (SC) in Mihir Rajesh Shah vs. State of Maharashtra & Anr held that failure to furnish written grounds of arrest renders the arrest illegal.
The Court ruled that such failure violates the Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the Constitution.
Article 21 ensures that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
The judgment emphasized the Right to be Informed of the Grounds of Arrest as a fundamental and mandatory safeguard under Article 22(1) of the Constitution.
Article 22(1) provides that an arrested person must be informed of the grounds for arrest as soon as possible and must have the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.
The Court clarified that this constitutional safeguard applies to all offences, including those under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS).
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is the new criminal code that replaced the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in 2023.
The ruling therefore expands the scope of Article 22(1) protections to all statutory offences, not only to special laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) or the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
The judgment thus ends the perception that such protection was limited only to arrests under special statutes.
The Court acknowledged Exceptional Circumstances where it may not be possible to furnish the written grounds immediately at the time of arrest.
In such exceptional situations, the grounds of arrest may first be conveyed orally to the arrestee.
However, the written grounds must be furnished within two hours before producing the accused before the magistrate for remand proceedings.
Remand proceedings refer to the judicial process where an arrested person is presented before a magistrate to seek authorization for further custody.
This two-hour rule ensures a judicious balance between protecting the arrestee’s constitutional rights under Article 22(1) and maintaining operational continuity in criminal investigations.
The Court also specified that the mode of communication of arrest grounds must be in writing.
Additionally, the written grounds must be provided in a language understandable to the arrestee to ensure effective communication and fairness.
Overall, the judgment strengthens constitutional safeguards during arrest by making the written communication of arrest grounds a non-negotiable requirement.
It reinforces the idea that personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be curtailed except through a fair, transparent, and lawful procedure.
Redrawing Welfare Architecture through Universal Basic Income (UBI) |
The idea of Universal Basic Income (UBI) was first proposed in the Economic Survey 2016–17 as an alternative to India’s fragmented welfare schemes.
The relevance of UBI has grown sharper in the present context due to multiple socio-economic pressures that traditional welfare models can no longer address effectively.
Socio-Economic Pressures Driving UBI Discourse
The first major factor is Rising Wealth Inequality, with the rich–poor gap widening to levels comparable to the pre-independence era.
The second factor is Technology-Led Job Displacement, as automation and artificial intelligence (AI) threaten large sections of India’s informal and semi-skilled workforce.
The third factor is Growing Economic Insecurity, marked by the spread of gig work and platform-based employment leading to income volatility and reduced social protection.
The fourth factor is Intensifying Socio-Environmental Stress, where climate-related displacement and mental health burdens are undermining household stability.
Concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI)
UBI is defined as a periodic, unconditional cash transfer provided to all citizens, irrespective of income or employment status.
The term “unconditional” means that the payment is not tied to any work requirement or means test.
The principle of Universality implies that every citizen is covered under the scheme without discrimination.
The principle of Unconditionality ensures that benefits are not linked to income levels, employment status, or social category.
The principle of Agency emphasizes individual empowerment, allowing people to choose how to spend their resources.
Global trials of UBI have been conducted in Finland and Kenya, showing improvements in health, food security, and mental well-being.
Arguments For and Against Universal Basic Income (UBI)
(As discussed in Economic Survey 2017–18)
Arguments in Favour of UBI
Poverty Reduction: UBI can reduce poverty and vulnerability in a single step by providing a direct income floor.
Agency and Choice: It empowers beneficiaries to make their own welfare spending decisions.
Zero Exclusion Error: Universal coverage ensures that no poor person is left out, unlike targeted schemes.
Shock Protection: It offers a safety net against income loss, health emergencies, and livelihood shocks.
Financial Inclusion: UBI can encourage the use of bank accounts, enhance Business Correspondent (BC) viability, and ease credit constraints.
Psychological Security: It reduces the daily stress of securing basic needs, improving mental well-being.
Administrative Efficiency: UBI can replace multiple welfare schemes, thereby reducing leakages and administrative burden.
Arguments Against UBI
Conspicuous Spending: There is a risk of wasteful consumption, particularly by male members of households.
Moral Hazard: UBI may reduce labour supply and create dependency, weakening the work ethic.
Gender Disparity: Since men often control household cash, women’s decision-making power in spending may decline.
Implementation Burden: The banking system may face stress due to financial access gaps in remote areas.
Fiscal Risk: Once introduced, UBI becomes politically difficult to withdraw, posing high long-term fiscal costs.
Universality Concerns: Critics argue that universal benefits allow the rich to gain equally with the poor, undermining equity.
Market Risk Exposure: Cash transfers are vulnerable to inflation, as purchasing power declines during price fluctuations, unlike food subsidies that provide in-kind stability.
Thus, UBI represents a transformative welfare model aimed at rebuilding India’s social protection architecture for a rapidly changing economy.
However, its feasibility and fiscal sustainability require careful design, gradual rollout, and integration with existing welfare systems.
Transforming Food Systems Crucial for Solving Climate, Health, Biodiversity, and Justice Crises |
The EAT–Lancet Commission has released a recent report emphasizing the urgent need to transform global food systems.
The report highlights that even if the global energy transition away from fossil fuels is achieved, the current food systems alone would still cause the breach of the Paris Agreement target of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C.
The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to restrict global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.
Understanding Food Systems
The term “Food Systems” refers to all activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal.
These systems have significant economic, health, social, and environmental impacts that influence planetary stability.
Key Highlights of the EAT–Lancet Commission Report
The report identifies that food production and consumption are major drivers of five planetary boundary transgressions.
The concept of planetary boundaries refers to environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate without causing irreversible ecological damage.
The five planetary boundaries influenced by food systems include land system change, biosphere integrity, freshwater change, biogeochemical flows, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The report estimates that agricultural and food systems together emit about 30% of total global GHGs.
These emissions significantly contribute to climate change, threatening both food security and ecosystem health.
Inequalities in Food Systems
The report underscores that food-related environmental pressures are unequally distributed across populations.
The richest 30% of the global population are responsible for over 70% of total environmental pressures generated by food systems.
This indicates that affluent consumption patterns disproportionately drive resource depletion and emissions.
On the other hand, poorer communities face food insecurity and malnutrition, reflecting a crisis of climate and social justice.
Case of India
The report highlights that in India, agriculture remains central to the economy despite its declining share in GDP.
By 2050, agriculture is expected to retain a large share of employment, reflecting its continued socio-economic importance.
Therefore, restructuring India’s food systems will be more complex and challenging due to its large dependent labour force.
The challenge lies in achieving sustainability without compromising livelihood security and food availability.
Key Recommendations to Transform Food Systems
1. Planetary Health Diet (PHD)
The report proposes adopting a Planetary Health Diet (PHD) to reduce both environmental impacts and nutritional deficiencies found in current diets.
The PHD is defined as a diet rich in plant-based foods such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes.
It also includes moderate or small amounts of animal products such as fish, dairy, and meat.
This dietary shift aims to balance human health with the ecological limits of the planet.
2. Conservation Agriculture
The report recommends promoting Conservation Agriculture as a foundation for sustainable food production.
Conservation Agriculture combines sustainable and ecological intensification practices to improve productivity while protecting natural resources.
Its core principles include reduced soil disturbance, continuous soil cover, and crop diversification.
These practices enhance soil fertility, reduce erosion, and improve carbon sequestration, helping mitigate climate impacts.
3. Integration of Food Systems into Global Policy Goals
The report urges the integration of food system reforms into major global environmental and health frameworks.
These frameworks include the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022), and national food-based dietary guidelines.
Integrating food system transformation with these policy goals can ensure coherence between climate, biodiversity, and nutrition objectives.
The report concludes that transforming food systems is essential to address multiple global crises—including climate change, malnutrition, biodiversity loss, and social inequity.
A shift toward sustainable production, equitable consumption, and healthy diets is the only viable pathway to achieving a safe, just, and resilient planet for all.
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) |
The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has recently blacklisted 178 training partners associated with the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
This action was taken to ensure quality, transparency, and accountability in the skill training ecosystem.
About Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is the flagship skill certification scheme of the Government of India.
It was launched to help Indian youth acquire industry-relevant skills and thereby enhance their livelihood opportunities.
The scheme aims to bridge the gap between industry demand and workforce skills through structured training and certification.
It functions under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), which is responsible for policy formulation and coordination in the skill development sector.
The scheme was launched in the year 2015 as part of India’s larger vision of creating a Skilled India.
Phases of Implementation
Since its inception, PMKVY has been implemented in multiple phases to continuously expand its reach and effectiveness.
The scheme is currently in its fourth phase, officially known as PMKVY 4.0.
Each phase of PMKVY has focused on aligning training with evolving industry needs and strengthening monitoring mechanisms.
Key Components of PMKVY
The scheme consists of three major components — Short Term Training (STT), Special Projects, and Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL).
The Short Term Training (STT) component provides skill courses aligned with the National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF).
The National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) is a national framework that organizes qualifications according to a series of levels of knowledge, skills, and aptitude.
The Special Projects component enables training in unique sectors, job roles, or areas that require customized approaches beyond the standard framework.
The Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) component focuses on certifying skills acquired through informal or on-the-job learning, acknowledging workers’ existing competencies.
Geographical Coverage and Focus Areas
PMKVY emphasizes inclusive development by ensuring coverage of aspirational districts, backward regions, and border areas.
It also gives special attention to tribal areas and Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)–affected districts to bring marginalized populations into the formal skill ecosystem.
This targeted approach ensures that skill training benefits reach remote and underserved communities.
The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana represents India’s largest government-led effort to empower youth through employable skills. Its recent corrective measures, such as blacklisting non-compliant partners, underline the government’s focus on quality assurance and outcome-driven training.
By continuously evolving through new phases, PMKVY seeks to create a globally competitive, skilled workforce that contributes to India’s economic growth and self-reliance.
State of the Climate Update for COP30 |
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has released the State of the Climate Update for COP30.
The WMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that monitors weather, climate, and atmospheric changes globally.
The report provides an updated scientific assessment of global climate trends ahead of COP30 (Conference of the Parties 30), the UN’s key annual climate summit.
Key Findings of the Report
The report projects that 2025 is likely to become the 2nd or 3rd warmest year ever recorded in history.
It further notes that the last 11 years, including 2025, are collectively the warmest 11 years ever recorded on Earth.
This finding clearly indicates that the world is not on track to meet the Paris Agreement’s climate goals.
The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels.
The report highlights that the period 2015–2025 will constitute the warmest 11-year span in the past 176 years of recorded history.
This unprecedented warming trend reflects the accelerating pace of global climate change.
Rising Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
The report reveals that atmospheric concentrations of major greenhouse gases (GHGs) — carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) — reached record-high observed levels in 2024.
It further states that these GHG levels continue to rise in 2025, intensifying the greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming.
The greenhouse effect refers to the trapping of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere by gases such as CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, leading to temperature rise.
Progress in Climate Action
Despite rising emissions, the report acknowledges positive progress in certain areas.
Renewable energy capacity is expanding rapidly worldwide, reflecting increased investment and policy focus on clean energy transition.
Moreover, climate action plans across countries are now being informed by science-based climate services, enhancing their effectiveness and accountability.
Climate services refer to the generation and use of climate information to support policy decisions in sectors such as agriculture, water management, energy, and disaster risk reduction.
The WMO’s findings underscore the urgency for stronger global climate commitments before COP30.
The continued rise in temperatures and greenhouse gas levels highlights that current mitigation efforts remain insufficient.
Strengthening renewable energy adoption, emission reduction strategies, and scientifically informed policy actions will be crucial to achieving the Paris targets and stabilizing the global climate.
FAC Recommendations on Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980 |
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) recently received recommendations from its Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) regarding the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980.
The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) is a statutory body that advises the Central Government on forest conservation and diversion-related matters.
The Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980, also known as the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, regulates the diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes and aims to ensure forest protection and sustainable use.
The FAC has recommended rationalisation and uniformity in penal provisions for violations under the Act.
This recommendation seeks to create a consistent framework for imposing penalties across all cases of forest law violations.
Key Recommendations of the FAC
The Committee has proposed the introduction of a Penal Compensatory Afforestation (CA) mechanism.
Compensatory Afforestation (CA) refers to the planting of trees on non-forest land or degraded forest land to compensate for the forest area diverted to non-forest use.
Under the new recommendation, Penal CA would be charged on an equal extent of forest land involved in any violation of the Act.
This means that if a certain area of forest is illegally used or diverted, an equivalent area must be reforested as a penalty.
The Penal CA is in addition to the legally mandated Compensatory Afforestation already required for approved non-forestry projects.
Therefore, Penal CA serves as an additional punitive and restorative measure to deter forest violations.
Rationalisation with NPV Measures
The FAC further recommended that the applicability of Penal CA be rationalised and aligned with Penal Net Present Value (NPV) measures under the Van Adhiniyam.
Net Present Value (NPV) represents the monetary valuation of ecosystem and environmental services provided by a forest area.
These environmental services include carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water regulation, and biodiversity support.
When forest land is diverted for non-forestry purposes, the project proponent must pay NPV as compensation for the loss of these ecological services.
The proposal aims to ensure consistency between Penal CA and Penal NPV, so that both reforestation and ecological service restoration are proportionately addressed.
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 |
The Supreme Court (SC) recently ruled that an arbitral award can be set aside if delay affects the fairness or quality of the decision-making process.
The Court clarified that delay alone is not an independent ground to strike down an arbitral award.
However, if such delay taints the reasoning, impartiality, or overall fairness of the arbitral decision, the award may be vitiated and invalidated.
This judgment underscores the importance of timely and reasoned arbitration proceedings to maintain confidence in the arbitral process.
About the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to domestic arbitration, international commercial arbitration, and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in India.
The Act also provides a legal framework for conciliation, which is a form of amicable dispute resolution through mutual agreement rather than adjudication.
It aims to promote speedy, cost-effective, and neutral dispute resolution mechanisms outside the traditional court system.
The legislation is based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, adopted in 1985.
The UNCITRAL Model Law serves as a global benchmark to harmonize arbitration laws across different countries and ensure consistency in international arbitration practices.
By aligning with the UNCITRAL Model Law, India sought to make its arbitration regime globally compatible and encourage foreign investment through a transparent legal environment.
GPS Spoofing |
Several airlines have recently reported a surge in GPS spoofing incidents over Delhi airspace, prompting government investigations into the unusual navigation disruptions.
These disruptions raised serious concerns about the safety and reliability of aircraft navigation systems.
About GPS Spoofing
GPS spoofing is a cyberattack technique that involves transmitting false Global Positioning System (GPS) signals.
The primary objective of such attacks is to mislead GPS-based navigation or tracking systems into showing incorrect location data.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation network that provides geolocation and time information to receivers anywhere on Earth.
GPS spoofing works by exploiting the weak signals emitted by GPS satellites.
Attackers overpower these legitimate satellite signals using stronger fake signals transmitted from ground-based or mobile devices.
As a result, the GPS receivers get deceived and start displaying false coordinates or positions, disrupting real-time navigation.
Functions and Implications
This manipulation can cause aircraft, ships, or vehicles to deviate from their intended routes without immediate detection.
In aviation, spoofing can interfere with flight management systems, posing serious safety and security risks.
Beyond aviation, GPS spoofing poses a major threat to multiple sectors including logistics, telecommunications, energy infrastructure, and defense operations.
In the logistics sector, it can misdirect shipments or distort tracking data.
In telecom and energy networks, spoofing can disrupt timing synchronization, affecting communication and grid operations.
For defense and security systems, spoofing can compromise strategic operations, leading to potential national security risks.
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) |
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has granted in-principle approval for the creation of two new specialised cadres; Central Revenue Audit (CRA) Cadre and Central Expenditure Audit (CEA)) for more centralisation.
About Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Nature: Constitutional Body established under Article 148 of the Constitution
Appointment: by the President through a warrant under the President’s hand and seal.
Term: six years or until he/she reaches age of 65 (whichever comes first).
Removal: by President following the same procedure and on the same grounds as those applicable to a Supreme Court judge.
Conditions of Service: The CAG’s salary and service conditions are decided by Parliament and cannot be altered to his disadvantage after appointment.
Expenses: Administrative costs, salaries, allowances, and pensions charged to the Consolidated Fund of India.
IBC and PMLA: Resolving Legal Conflicts |
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) has issued new guidelines to address conflicts between the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
These guidelines aim to expedite resolution processes for financially distressed companies whose assets are caught in legal disputes under both laws.
Key Highlights of the New Guidelines
As per the new framework, Insolvency Professionals (IPs) are now allowed to approach special PMLA courts directly.
This enables them to seek the unfreezing or release of assets that have been attached by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) under the PMLA.
Earlier, such requests were required to be made to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), which handles bankruptcy and insolvency cases under the IBC.
The new provision is expected to reduce procedural delays and facilitate faster asset recovery and resolution.
Understanding IBC and PMLA
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 was enacted to maximize the value of assets, ensure time-bound resolution of insolvency cases, and balance stakeholder interests.
It provides a legal mechanism for resolving insolvency and liquidation of companies, partnerships, and individuals in a structured and time-efficient manner.
On the other hand, the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 seeks to prevent money laundering and confiscate property derived from criminal activities.
The PMLA aims to deprive offenders of illicit financial gains and strengthen the fight against economic and financial crimes.
The Core Legal Conflict
A major area of conflict arises when assets of companies undergoing insolvency under IBC are simultaneously attached by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) under PMLA.
Such parallel proceedings often delay resolution, reduce asset value, and discourage potential investors.
Both the IBC and PMLA contain non-obstante clauses, creating overlapping jurisdictions.
A non-obstante clause gives overriding authority to a law, ensuring that its provisions prevail over any conflicting statute.
Specifically, Section 71 of the PMLA and Section 238 of the IBC both contain non-obstante clauses, leading to ambiguity over which law takes precedence in asset-related disputes.
The new IBBI guidelines seek to harmonize these legal overlaps by clarifying the procedural course of action for insolvency professionals.
Abraham Accords |
Recently USA President confirmed that Kazakhstan would be a part of Abraham Accords.
About Abraham Accords
Purpose: Defuse tensions in the Middle East by normalizing relations between Israel and several so-called moderate Arab states, to ensure formal diplomatic, trade and security ties between these states with Israel.
Named after the biblical Abraham, considered by both Jews and Arabs as their common ancestor and a symbol of brotherhood.
Genesis: Initially signed in 2020, between Israel with the UAE, Bahrain, and Morocco.
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