Daily Current Affairs - 26th, 27th & 28th January 2026
- TPP
- 6 days ago
- 30 min read
Comprehensive UPSC Current Affairs Summary | France’s Social Media Ban for Children, India–EU FTA & Euratom Nuclear Cooperation, US Exit from WHO & Paris Agreement, Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles Report, Articles 175–176 & Governor’s Address Issue, UGC Equity Regulations 2026, Karnataka Gig Workers’ Welfare Board, LR-AShM Hypersonic Missile, CERT-In Cyber Incident Report, ExoMiner++ Exoplanet AI, Polar Vortex Impacts, India’s Renewable Energy Transition at WEF, Lonar Lake Threat, Padma & Gallantry Awards and more.
If you missed Monthly Current Affairs Pointers (CAP) | Nov - Dec 2025, read it hereTable of Content
France’s Proposal to Ban Social Media for Children
France’s National Assembly backed legislation to ban children under 15 years from accessing social media platforms, reflecting rising global concern about children’s digital safety.
The proposed bill seeks to prohibit under-15s from social networks, which are platforms primarily designed for online social interaction and content sharing.
The legislation also covers social networking functionalities embedded within broader digital platforms, ensuring that indirect access routes are also regulated.
This policy move highlights increasing awareness of the harmful impact of social media on minors, especially during psychologically formative years.
Earlier, the European Parliament urged the European Union to set a minimum age for children to access social media, indicating growing regional consensus.
However, the authority to impose age limits remains with individual EU member states, allowing national governments to tailor child protection laws.
Impact of Social Media on Children
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to mental health challenges due to social media exposure, as this age group is emotionally and cognitively developing.
Social media contributes to anxiety and depression among adolescents, driven by constant comparison with idealised online personas.
Body-image insecurity and low self-esteem are reinforced through validation-seeking behaviour, such as dependence on likes, shares and comments.
The phenomenon of FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) intensifies emotional stress, as children feel pressured to stay constantly connected.
Algorithm-driven platforms increase the risk of online radicalisation, meaning gradual exposure to extreme or polarised viewpoints.
Algorithms create closed belief systems, which repeatedly reinforce similar content and limit exposure to alternative perspectives.
Such digital echo chambers normalise misogyny and toxic masculinity, especially within spaces like manosphere-type communities.
Excessive social media use leads to social media addiction, defined as compulsive engagement despite negative consequences.
High screen time weakens real-world family and peer bonds, reducing face-to-face social interaction.
Social isolation increases children’s susceptibility to online propaganda, making them easier targets for manipulation.
Anonymity on social media platforms encourages cyberbullying, as users feel less accountable for harmful behaviour.
The absence of emotional cues in online interactions promotes trolling and harassment, escalating psychological harm.
Cases like the “Bois Locker Room” incident in Delhi illustrate online exploitation, where private images were shared without consent.
Way Forward: Balanced and Protective Measures
Digital literacy must be strengthened to promote responsible, safe and ethical internet use among adolescents.
Digital literacy enables children to shift from passive consumption to critical engagement, improving decision-making online.
Parental oversight plays a crucial role in preventing digital harm, especially during early adolescence.
Open dialogue between parents and children helps reduce emotional isolation, fostering trust and awareness.
Supervision and emotional support at home can curb addiction and online vulnerability, acting as protective buffers.
School system reforms are necessary to address digital-age challenges holistically.
Anti-bullying mechanisms within schools must be strengthened, ensuring timely reporting and intervention.
Counselling support should be expanded to address mental health impacts of digital exposure.
Teacher training is essential to identify and respond to online-related behavioural issues.
Age-appropriate curricula, such as Relationship, Sex and Health Education, promote healthy online behaviour.
Platform accountability must be enforced through child-friendly design principles, limiting addictive features.
Safer algorithms should be mandated to reduce harmful content exposure, especially for minors.
Effective regulation requires coherence between education, juvenile justice and data protection policies, ensuring comprehensive child safety.
India–European Union Free Trade Agreement
India and the European Union concluded a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA), marking a major milestone in bilateral economic relations.
This FTA is the largest trade agreement ever concluded by either India or the EU, underlining its strategic scale.
The agreement aims to strengthen both economic and political ties, deepening long-term cooperation.
The deal connects the world’s second-largest economy (India) with the fourth-largest economy (EU), enhancing global trade influence.
About the India–EU Free Trade Agreement
The FTA provides India with strategic market access to the European Union, improving export competitiveness.
India will receive preferential access in about 97% of EU tariff lines, which refers to product categories used for customs duties.
These tariff concessions cover nearly 99.5% of the total trade value, maximising trade coverage.
Key labour-intensive sectors such as textiles will receive immediate zero-duty entry, boosting employment generation.
The leather sector will benefit from tariff-free access, supporting traditional manufacturing industries.
Gems and jewellery exports will gain zero-duty entry, enhancing value-added exports.
The agreement safeguards sensitive sectors through phased liberalisation, which means gradual tariff reduction over time.
Protected sectors include dairy products, preserving farmer livelihoods. Cereals are included among safeguarded sectors, ensuring food security concerns are addressed.
Poultry products are protected under sensitive sector provisions, preventing sudden import surges.
Soymeal is covered to protect domestic agricultural interests, especially livestock feed markets.
Certain fruits and vegetables are included in safeguard measures, balancing trade openness with farmer protection.
The FTA introduces product-specific rules to ensure compliance and traceability, improving ease of trade.
Exporters can use self-certification through a Statement on Origin, reducing administrative burden.
Special flexibilities are provided for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), recognising their limited capacity.
Quotas and transition periods are included for MSMEs, allowing gradual adjustment to competition.
The agreement addresses non-tariff barriers, which are regulatory obstacles beyond customs duties.
Regulatory cooperation between India and the EU will be strengthened, improving policy alignment.
Greater transparency in trade-related regulations is ensured, reducing uncertainty for businesses.
Customs procedures will be streamlined, lowering transaction costs.
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) procedures are simplified, which relate to food safety and animal and plant health.
Technical Barriers to Trade disciplines are enhanced, ensuring product standards do not become hidden restrictions.
The FTA provides stable market access in services trade, expanding beyond goods.
Indian service providers gain access to 144 EU service sub-sectors, reflecting wide sectoral coverage.
Key service areas include Information Technology (IT), a major strength of India.
Education services are covered under the agreement, promoting academic collaboration.
Research and Development (R&D) services receive market access, fostering innovation partnerships.
Professional services benefit from improved entry conditions, supporting skilled workforce mobility.
The agreement improves ease of mobility, facilitating cross-border movement of professionals.
Employees of Indian corporates will find it easier to work in the EU, supporting business expansion.
Business entities receive facilitation for temporary movement, aiding trade operations.
Independent professionals also benefit from mobility provisions, enhancing people-to-people ties.
Other Key Outcomes of the India–EU Summit
India and the EU adopted a Joint Comprehensive Strategic Agenda towards 2030, outlining long-term cooperation.
The agenda focuses on prosperity and sustainability, linking economic growth with environmental responsibility.
Technology and innovation form a core pillar of the agenda, driving future competitiveness.
Security and defence cooperation is prioritised, reflecting shared strategic interests.
Connectivity and global issues are included, addressing infrastructure and multilateral challenges.
A dedicated Security and Defence Partnership was announced, institutionalising defence cooperation.
Negotiations were launched for an India–EU Security of Information Agreement, enabling classified information exchange.
This agreement will facilitate secure sharing of sensitive data, strengthening strategic trust.
The summit emphasised emerging and critical technologies, which are vital for economic resilience.
EU–India Innovation Hubs will be created, promoting joint technological development.
An EU–India Startup Partnership was launched, supporting entrepreneurship ecosystems.
A Green Hydrogen Task Force was constituted, focusing on clean energy solutions.
This task force operates under the EU–India Clean Energy and Climate Partnership, aligning climate goals.
The India–EU Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation was renewed for 2025–2030, ensuring continuity.
Talks were initiated on India’s association with Horizon Europe, the EU’s flagship research and innovation programme.
Horizon Europe provides funding and collaboration opportunities, enhancing India’s global research integration.
Euratom and India–EU Nuclear Cooperation
India and the European Union agreed to strengthen cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, reflecting deepening strategic trust.
This cooperation is being pursued under the India–Euratom Agreement, which provides an institutional framework for collaboration.
Euratom stands for the European Atomic Energy Community, which is a regional nuclear cooperation organisation.
Euratom was established under the Treaty of Rome in 1957, which also laid the foundation of European integration.
The primary objective of Euratom is to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, ensuring civilian benefits.
Euratom supports research cooperation in nuclear science and technology, enabling shared innovation.
It facilitates the dissemination of technical knowledge, improving safety and efficiency in nuclear operations.
Euratom plays a critical role in preventing the diversion of civil nuclear material for military purposes, ensuring non-proliferation.
India and the European Union signed a Research and Development agreement with Euratom in July 2020, formalising cooperation.
This agreement focuses on peaceful uses of nuclear energy, such as safety, radiation protection and waste management.
India has also been an associate member of CERN since 2017, strengthening its scientific engagement with Europe.
CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research, which conducts advanced research in particle physics.
India’s association with CERN complements nuclear cooperation with Euratom, expanding scientific and technological collaboration.
U.S. Exit from Multilateral Frameworks: WHO and Paris Agreement
World Health Organization (WHO)
The United States, which is the largest donor to the World Health Organization (WHO), has officially completed its withdrawal, raising concerns about global health governance.
The World Health Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations, responsible for coordinating international public health efforts.
WHO was established in 1948, reflecting post-war commitment to collective global health action.
The headquarters of WHO is located in Geneva, Switzerland, positioning it at the centre of multilateral diplomacy.
The core mandate of WHO is to direct and coordinate global health responses, especially during cross-border health crises.
WHO sets international health norms and standards, guiding national health policies.
The organisation has the authority to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), which signals extraordinary global health risks.
PHEIC refers to an outbreak that poses a public health risk across borders, requiring coordinated international response.
WHO’s governance structure is based on universal membership, ensuring inclusive representation.
WHO comprises 194 Member States, and membership is open to all United Nations members.
The World Health Assembly serves as the supreme decision-making body of WHO, determining policies and priorities.
The Executive Board is responsible for implementing the decisions of the World Health Assembly, ensuring continuity.
The WHO Secretariat handles technical and administrative functions, supporting programme execution. The Secretariat is headed by the Director-General, who acts as WHO’s chief executive officer.
Regional offices support the Secretariat, enabling region-specific health interventions.
India is a founding member of the World Health Organization, reflecting its early commitment to global health cooperation.
Paris Agreement
The United States has officially exited the Paris Climate Agreement for the second time, impacting global climate action momentum.
The Paris Agreement was adopted at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties (COP21), held in Paris.
The agreement was adopted in 2015 and entered into force in 2016.
The agreement formally recognises climate change as a global emergency, requiring collective international cooperation.
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty, obligating parties to undertake climate action.
The agreement has 195 parties. These parties include 194 countries and the European Union, making it one of the most inclusive global treaties.
India is a member of the Paris Agreement, aligning its climate goals with global efforts.
One core objective of the agreement is to hold global temperature rise well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, limiting severe climate impacts.
Pre-industrial levels refer to average global temperatures before large-scale industrialisation, typically before the mid-19th century.
The agreement also pursues efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C, reflecting scientific risk assessments.
Limiting warming to 1.5°C is acknowledged to significantly reduce climate-related risks, especially for vulnerable populations.
NITI Aayog Report on Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)
NITI Aayog released a report titled “Enhancing Circular Economy of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in India”, focusing on sustainable vehicle lifecycle management.
The report addresses the need to transition from a linear to a circular economy, where resources are reused, recycled and recovered.
End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) are vehicles that are no longer validly registered, making them ineligible for legal road use.
ELVs also include vehicles declared unfit by a competent authority, based on safety or emission standards.
Vehicles voluntarily declared as waste by their registered owners are also classified as ELVs, expanding the scope of coverage.
The ELV load in India is projected to increase significantly, indicating rising waste management pressure.
ELV numbers are expected to double from 23 million in 2025 to 50 million by 2030, highlighting urgency for systemic reforms.
Key Challenges in Developing an ELV Circular Economy
The report identifies limited rollout of Automated Testing Stations (ATS) as a major challenge, affecting timely vehicle fitness assessment.
ATS are facilities that assess vehicle roadworthiness and emissions through automated processes, ensuring objective evaluation.
Inadequate availability of Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facilities (RVSFs) across states hampers formal recycling, restricting scale.
RVSFs are authorised centres for environmentally safe dismantling and scrapping of vehicles, ensuring regulatory compliance.
The financial viability of RVSFs remains weak, discouraging private investment.
The dominance of the informal sector undermines formal scrapping facilities, leading to inefficient material recovery.
Procedural bottlenecks in vehicle scrapping processes delay implementation, reducing system efficiency.
Deregistration complexities further slow ELV disposal, creating administrative friction.
Insufficient consumer awareness about formal scrapping options limits participation, sustaining informal practices.
Key Recommendations of the Report
The report recommends strengthening infrastructure to support ELV management, enabling nationwide coverage.
A goal of ‘one ATS per district’ is proposed, improving accessibility of vehicle fitness testing.
Public Sector Undertaking (PSU)-led RVSF models are suggested, ensuring financial stability and credibility.
Mandatory vehicle deregistration is recommended, preventing illegal reuse of obsolete vehicles.
Formalising the spare parts ecosystem is advised, enhancing traceability and safety of reused components.
The report calls for strengthening Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), assigning manufacturers responsibility for end-of-life management.
EPR is a policy approach that makes producers accountable for post-consumer waste, promoting sustainable design.
Integration of the informal sector into the formal ELV ecosystem is recommended, ensuring livelihood protection and efficiency gains.
Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA)
The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) has proposed allowing settlement of low-value claims based solely on verification by the relevant companies, simplifying the claims process.
This proposal aims to expedite the transfer of unclaimed shares and dividends to investors or their legal heirs, reducing procedural delays.
The move is expected to enhance ease of access for rightful claimants, especially in cases involving small-value holdings.
IEPFA is a statutory authority established in 2016, ensuring legal backing.
The authority was constituted under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, providing its regulatory framework.
IEPFA functions under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, placing it within India’s corporate governance ecosystem.
IEPFA is responsible for managing the Investor Education and Protection Fund, which is a dedicated fund for investor welfare.
The fund focuses on safeguarding investor interests, strengthening trust in capital markets.
IEPFA facilitates the refund of unclaimed shares, enabling recovery of ownership rights.
It also enables claims for unclaimed dividends, which are dividends not collected within the prescribed period.
The authority manages refunds of matured deposits, meaning deposits whose repayment date has passed.
Matured debentures are also covered under IEPFA refunds, ensuring comprehensive investor protection.
Article 175 and Article 176 of the Constitution of India
Certain States have recently witnessed controversies regarding the Governor’s address to the State Legislature, bringing constitutional provisions into focus.
These issues arise at the commencement of legislative sessions, where the Governor plays a formal constitutional role.
Article 175 of the Constitution grants the Governor the right to address the State Legislature, ensuring communication with elected representatives.
Article 175 also empowers the Governor to send messages to either House or both Houses, allowing formal conveyance of views.
The power under Article 175 can be exercised at any time, providing procedural flexibility.
Article 176 of the Constitution provides for a special address by the Governor, which has a mandatory character.
Unlike Article 175, the address under Article 176 is compulsory, leaving no discretion to the Governor.
Article 176 requires the Governor to address the Legislature at the commencement of the first session after each general election, marking the start of a new legislative term.
The Governor must also deliver this address at the first session of every calendar year, outlining the government’s agenda.
The Governor’s address under both Article 175 and Article 176 is a constitutional formality, reflecting executive accountability to the Legislature.
Such addresses are delivered on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, ensuring democratic control.
The Council of Ministers refers to the executive headed by the Chief Minister, which is collectively responsible to the Legislature.
The Supreme Court affirmed this principle in Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2016), clarifying the Governor’s role.
The judgment held that the Governor cannot act independently while performing functions under Articles 175 and 176, reinforcing constitutional conventions.
UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026
The central government has assured that the new UGC equity guidelines will not be misused, addressing concerns raised by stakeholders.
These regulations have been framed by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which is the statutory body regulating higher education in India.
Background and Objectives of the Regulations
The primary objective of the regulations is to eliminate discrimination in higher education institutions, ensuring inclusive academic spaces.
The regulations prohibit discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, gender, race, place of birth, or disability, covering multiple vulnerability axes.
Special emphasis is placed on protecting Scheduled Castes (SCs), who have historically faced systemic exclusion.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) are explicitly included as protected groups, recognising their social and educational disadvantages.
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are covered under the regulations, ensuring equity across caste hierarchies.
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) are included, addressing class-based deprivation.
Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) are protected, promoting accessibility and reasonable accommodation.
The regulations are aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasises equity and inclusion.
These rules apply to all universities, colleges and deemed universities in India, ensuring nationwide applicability.
The term “caste-based discrimination” is clearly defined, reducing interpretational ambiguity.
It is defined as discrimination solely on the basis of caste or tribe, narrowing its scope.
This definition specifically applies to members of SCs, STs and OBCs, ensuring targeted protection.
Duties of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
Every Higher Education Institution (HEI) is mandated to prevent and eradicate discrimination, creating an inclusive campus environment.
HEIs are also required to actively promote equity among all stakeholders, including students and staff.
The Head of the Institution is made responsible for strict implementation, ensuring administrative accountability.
Equal Opportunity Centre (EOC)
Each HEI must establish an Equal Opportunity Centre (EOC), serving as the institutional inclusion mechanism.
The EOC is tasked with supporting disadvantaged groups, addressing structural barriers.
The centre will provide guidance and counselling services, promoting student well-being.
The EOC will also run inclusion-oriented programmes, fostering campus sensitivity.
Equity Squads and Equity Ambassadors
HEIs are required to constitute Equity Squads, strengthening campus vigilance.
Equity Squads are responsible for monitoring discriminatory practices, enabling early intervention.
Equity Ambassadors must be appointed in every academic and administrative unit, decentralising inclusion efforts.
Equity Ambassadors are tasked with promoting inclusive practices, strengthening institutional culture.
They are also required to report violations of equity norms, ensuring accountability.
Each Equity Ambassador acts as a nodal officer, coordinating implementation.
The nodal role includes executing programmes planned by the Equal Opportunity Centre, ensuring coherence.
Equity Committee
Every HEI must constitute an Equity Committee, providing a formal inquiry mechanism.
The committee must include representation from SC, ST, OBC, women and PwD groups, ensuring diversity.
The Equity Committee is responsible for inquiring into discrimination complaints, ensuring due process.
It must submit its report within 15 working days, ensuring time-bound resolution.
Grievance Redressal and Appeal Mechanism
Any aggrieved person may file an appeal against the Equity Committee’s report, safeguarding procedural fairness.
The appeal must be filed before the Ombudsperson within 30 days, ensuring timely access to justice.
The Ombudsperson is an independent grievance authority under UGC regulations, ensuring neutrality.
The appeal process follows the UGC (Redressal of Grievances of Students) Regulations, 2023, ensuring legal consistency.
The Ombudsperson is required to dispose of appeals within 30 days, promoting speedy justice.
Monitoring Mechanism
A National Monitoring Mechanism has been предусмотрed, enabling oversight at the national level.
HEIs must submit Annual Reports on the functioning of Equal Opportunity Centres, ensuring transparency.
Penalties for Non-Compliance
HEIs failing to comply with the regulations may be barred from UGC schemes, creating deterrence.
Non-compliant institutions may be stopped from running degree programmes, affecting academic operations.
They may also be prohibited from offering online programmes, ensuring regulatory discipline.
In extreme cases, HEIs may be removed from the list of recognised institutions, enforcing strict compliance.
Gig Workers’ Welfare Board – Karnataka
Karnataka has constituted the Gig Workers’ Welfare Board, aiming to provide social security and welfare for platform-based gig workers.
The Board is constituted under the Karnataka Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare Development) Act, 2025, which is a dedicated statutory framework.
A statutory body refers to an organisation created by an Act of the legislature, giving it legal authority to implement rules and policies.
The Labour Minister of Karnataka serves as the ex officio Chairperson of the Board, ensuring government oversight.
The Board includes representatives from gig workers’ unions, giving workers a voice in policy decisions.
It also includes representatives from aggregator platforms, which are companies providing digital gig work services.
The Board mandates registration of both aggregator platforms and gig workers, formalising the sector.
Each registered gig worker and aggregator platform will be issued a unique ID, enabling identification and access to welfare schemes.
The Board facilitates the State government’s implementation of welfare measures, serving as the operational arm of policy.
Mandatory registration ensures accountability of both gig workers and platforms, reducing informal sector gaps.
Through this Board, Karnataka aims to strengthen social security, benefits, and rights for gig workers, addressing the vulnerabilities of this emerging workforce.
International Data Privacy Day and India’s Data Privacy Imperative
International Data Privacy Day is observed annually on 28 January, highlighting the importance of protecting personal data in the digital age.
The day commemorates the signing of Convention 108, the first legally binding international treaty on data protection.
Convention 108 was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1981, aiming to safeguard individuals’ personal data from misuse.
Data protection refers to measures that prevent unauthorised access, misuse, or leakage of personal information, ensuring privacy.
India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Framework
India has introduced the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025, operationalising the DPDP Act, 2023.
The Rules enable access, correction, and erasure of personal data, giving individuals control over their information.
They ensure timely response to requests within 90 days, promoting accountability.
The Rules mandate breach notifications, protecting users from potential harm due to data leaks.
Special safeguards are provided for children and persons with disabilities, addressing vulnerable groups.
India is the world’s third-largest digitalised economy, reflecting the scale of digital data usage.
India’s expanding digital footprint includes approximately 143 crore Aadhaar cards, 14 crore DigiLocker signups, 28 lakh crore UPI transactions, and 101 crore broadband subscribers, indicating extensive data generation.
The central government has allocated ₹782 crore for cybersecurity in 2025–26, strengthening protection measures.
Legal and Regulatory Measures Strengthening India’s Digital Ecosystem
The Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000 provides the legal foundation for e-governance, cybersecurity, and cyber incident response through CERT-In, India’s national Computer Emergency Response Team.
CERT-In is the nodal agency responsible for monitoring, analysing, and responding to cybersecurity threats, enhancing digital safety.
The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 set due diligence requirements for intermediaries, ensuring platform accountability.
They also mandate grievance redressal mechanisms, protecting users’ rights on digital platforms.
The DPDP Act, 2023 governs processing of personal data collected through digital means, including digitised offline data.
It aims to establish the Data Protection Board of India, a regulatory body to oversee compliance.
The Act follows a SARAL approach – Simple, Accessible, Rational, and Actionable, ensuring clarity and practical compliance for all stakeholders.
Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 operationalise the DPDP Act, 2023, providing detailed procedures and responsibilities for data fiduciaries and individuals.
Significance of Data Protection
As digital public infrastructure increasingly shapes governance, service delivery, and daily life, protecting personal data is critical, reflecting its democratic importance.
Data protection is not merely a technical requirement but a democratic imperative, safeguarding citizens’ rights in the digital era.
Rule of Law and International Law: United Nations Perspective
The United Nations Secretary-General stated that the rule of law is a cornerstone of global peace and security, highlighting its role in international stability.
Violations of the UN Charter and international law include illegal use of force, attacks on civilian infrastructure, human rights abuses, and denial of life-saving humanitarian aid, as seen in conflicts like Gaza and Ukraine.
The Secretary-General warned against the "à la carte menu" approach, where states selectively adhere to international law.
Selective adherence sets precedents that encourage impunity and erode trust among nations, undermining global governance.
About International Law
International law defines the legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with each other and their treatment of individuals within State boundaries, regulating both inter-state and internal actions.
The term ‘International law’ was first coined by Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher and jurist.
It also governs the global commons, including the environment, sustainable development, international waters, outer space, global communications, and world trade, ensuring collective management of shared resources.
For smaller and less-powerful countries, international law promises equal treatment, sovereignty, dignity, and justice, protecting them from domination.
For powerful countries, international law acts as guardrails, defining acceptable conduct especially during disagreements, divisions, and conflicts.
Priorities for Action in Upholding International Law
Countries must uphold the UN Charter by safeguarding human rights and respecting the sovereign equality of States, ensuring compliance with international obligations.
Peaceful dispute settlement should be prioritised through negotiation, mediation, and judicial settlement, reducing reliance on force.
Stronger partnerships with regional organisations can complement peaceful dispute settlement, promoting collective security.
Greater reliance on independent courts and tribunals, including the International Court of Justice (ICJ), is essential, ensuring impartial adjudication of disputes.
Support for international criminal justice mechanisms is necessary, to hold violators accountable.
Main UN Bodies Upholding International Law
The UN Security Council is the only UN body with Charter-mandated authority to adopt decisions binding on all Member States, including authorising the use of force under international law.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) settles legal disputes submitted by States parties, based on international law principles.
The UN General Assembly makes recommendations to promote the development and codification of international law, supporting global legal norms.
Within the General Assembly, the Sixth Committee is the primary forum for consideration of legal questions, serving as a dedicated legal advisory and review body.
CERT-In and India’s Cybersecurity Framework
CERT-In handled around 30 lakh cyber incidents in 2025, highlighting its role as India’s frontline cyber defence.
Cyber threats like ransomware, AI-driven scams, phishing, and organised financial fraud are on the rise, driven by India crossing 100 crore internet connections in 2025.
Protecting India’s cybersecurity industry, valued at $20 billion with over 400 startups and a workforce of 6.5 lakh professionals, is critical, ensuring resilience of the digital economy.
About CERT-In
CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team) was established in 2004 under Section 70B of the Information Technology Act, 2000, serving as India’s national agency for cyber incident response.
It operates under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, providing administrative and policy support.
CERT-In’s mandate includes analyzing cyber incidents, issuing alerts, and coordinating with law enforcement, ensuring timely prevention and mitigation.
Key Initiatives by CERT-In
Cyber Swachhta Kendra (CSK) is the Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre, which provides free tools to detect and remove malicious programs.
The National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) scans cyberspace metadata to generate situational awareness and detect threats, enabling real-time information sharing.
CERT-In oversees sectoral and State-level Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs), such as CSIRT-Fin (Financial Sector) and CSIRT-Power, to provide specialised incident response.
The Cyber Crisis Management Plan (CCMP) is a strategic framework for all government bodies to counter major cyberattacks, ensuring coordinated recovery.
The Security Assurance Framework mandates empanelled auditors to conduct regular audits and vulnerability assessments of government and critical sector systems, enhancing system resilience.
Other Institutional Frameworks Against Cyber Crimes
The National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) operates under Section 70A of the IT Act, protecting critical sectors like banking, telecom, power, and transport.
The Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs, coordinating law enforcement responses to cybercrime and managing the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal.
The National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) functions under the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS), ensuring inter-agency coordination.
The Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFCFRMS) features the toll-free helpline '1930', allowing immediate reporting of financial cyber fraud.
Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
BRO successfully conducted a high-altitude rescue and road restoration operation at Chatergala Pass in Jammu & Kashmir, demonstrating its operational capability in extreme terrain.
Chatergala Pass is a high-altitude mountain pass at approximately 10,500 ft, connecting Bhaderwah in Doda district with Basohli in Kathua district.
Other notable high-altitude passes in Jammu & Kashmir include Khardung La, Umling La, and Zoji La, which are strategic for civilian and military movement.
About BRO
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was established in 1960 by the Government of India, to develop and maintain roads in border areas.
Since 2015, BRO functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, aligning its work with national security priorities.
The objective of BRO is to strengthen connectivity and bolster strategic infrastructure such as roads and tunnels in border regions, using a mix of civilian and military personnel.
Strategic infrastructure refers to construction that supports both civilian life and military mobility in sensitive or remote areas, enhancing national security and development simultaneously.
Long Range Anti-Ship Hypersonic Missile (LR-AShM)
DRDO displayed the Long Range Anti-Ship Hypersonic Missile (LR-AShM) during the 77th Republic Day parade, showcasing India’s indigenous missile capabilities.
LR-AShM is India’s first long-range hypersonic glide missile, designed to strengthen coastal defence for the Indian Navy.
A hypersonic glide missile is a weapon capable of traveling at speeds greater than Mach 5 while performing manoeuvres to evade defence systems, combining speed and agility.
The missile has a range of approximately 1,500 km, allowing engagement of both static and moving naval targets.
It is the first-of-its-kind with indigenous avionics systems and high-accuracy sensors, highlighting self-reliance in missile technology.
Avionics refers to the electronic systems used in a missile for navigation, targeting, and control, ensuring precision in strike.
LR-AShM follows a quasi-ballistic trajectory, combining ballistic and glide paths for optimal speed and targeting.
It achieves peak speeds of Mach 10 and maintains an average of Mach 5 through skipping manoeuvres, where Mach 1 equals the speed of sound.
Skipping manoeuvres allow the missile to glide along the upper atmosphere, reducing exposure to radar detection, enhancing stealth.
The missile is powered by a two-stage solid propulsion system, providing initial thrust and acceleration.
After the second stage burns out, it performs an unpowered glide with required manoeuvres, maintaining speed and accuracy.
LR-AShM flies at low altitudes at high speed to evade radar detection, enhancing survivability against enemy defence systems.
Stealth in missile technology refers to design and flight characteristics that reduce detection by radar or sensors, increasing the chance of mission success.
Sonic Boom
Researchers have developed a new method to track falling space debris using earthquake-detecting seismometers, by detecting sonic booms created during re-entry.
A sonic boom is the noise produced when an aircraft or any object surpasses the speed of sound, which is approximately 343 m/s (1235 km/h) at sea level.
This rapid movement generates shock waves that manifest as a loud, booming noise, which can be detected on the ground.
Sonic booms are mostly associated with aircraft, especially supersonic jets.
They can also be caused by natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, meteor showers, and earthquakes.
Seismometers are sensitive instruments that detect vibrations in the ground, originally designed for monitoring earthquakes but now adapted to detect sonic booms from space debris.
Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-Cold Dark Matter Model)
A massive 6-year study of the universe has reaffirmed the validity of the Standard Model of Cosmology, highlighting its robustness in explaining cosmic evolution.
The Standard Model of Cosmology is a theoretical framework describing the evolution and large-scale structure of the universe, helping scientists understand its past, present, and future.
It provides a comprehensive understanding of the universe’s history, from its initial moments to its current state, including formation of galaxies, stars, and cosmic structures.
The model is based on the principles of general relativity, which explains gravity as the curvature of space-time.
It incorporates the fundamental laws of physics, ensuring that cosmic phenomena follow predictable natural principles.
The key components of the model include the Big Bang theory, dark matter, dark energy, and cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, each explaining a critical aspect of the universe.
The Big Bang theory describes the origin of the universe from an extremely hot and dense state about 13.8 billion years ago, marking the beginning of space, time, and matter.
Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that does not emit or absorb light, but its gravitational effects are essential for explaining galaxy formation and rotation.
Dark energy is a mysterious force causing the accelerated expansion of the universe, accounting for roughly 70% of the total energy content.
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is the residual thermal radiation from the early universe, providing a snapshot of the universe about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
ExoMiner++
NASA’s new star-hopper software, ExoMiner++, has revolutionized exoplanet discovery, enabling faster and more reliable identification of planets outside our solar system.
ExoMiner++ is a deep learning software designed specifically to find exoplanets, using advanced artificial intelligence techniques.
It analyzes data from both the Kepler mission and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which are space telescopes dedicated to detecting exoplanets.
The software scans "light curves", which are graphs showing a star’s brightness over time, to detect signature dips caused by a planet transiting in front of its star.
A transit occurs when a planet passes between its star and the observer, temporarily dimming the star’s light, providing evidence of the planet’s existence.
Unlike standard "black-box" AI models, ExoMiner++ is explainable AI, meaning it provides astronomers with probability scores and detailed reasoning for each exoplanet candidate.
Explainable AI ensures scientific trust, as researchers can understand why the model predicts the presence of an exoplanet rather than relying on opaque outputs.
Deuterons
The ALICE collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has explained how fragile deuterons survive high-energy particle collisions, shedding light on fundamental nuclear processes.
A deuteron is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a nucleus containing one proton and one neutron, held together by the strong nuclear force.
Its chemical symbol is “²H” or “D”, used to distinguish it from ordinary hydrogen.
A deuteron has a net positive charge of +1, contributed by its single proton.
Its mass is about twice that of a proton, reflecting the combined mass of one proton and one neutron.
Deuterons are used as fuel in nuclear fusion reactions, where they can combine to release large amounts of energy.
They are also used to produce neutrons, which have applications in cancer therapy, such as neutron radiotherapy, and in scientific research.
India’s Renewable Energy Transition
At WEF 2026, India highlighted its emergence as a global leader in renewable energy transition, receiving strong global endorsement for its Renewable Energy Transition Roadmap.
India achieved the milestone of 50% of its cumulative installed electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel sources, five years ahead of its 2030 target.
India’s renewable energy manufacturing capacity has expanded to 144 GW, strengthening domestic production of solar panels, wind turbines, and related components.
The ethanol blending programme has reduced 813 lakh metric tonnes of CO₂ emissions, lowering India’s carbon footprint through alternative fuels.
Alongside biofuels, India is scaling up initiatives in green hydrogen, sustainable fuels, and other emerging low-carbon technologies, supporting a diversified clean energy mix.
Solar tariffs in India have declined by nearly 80%, making solar energy increasingly cost-competitive with conventional power.
Renewable energy with storage has become cost-competitive, enabling reliable supply even when the sun isn’t shining or wind isn’t blowing.
Green hydrogen and green ammonia prices discovered in India are among the most competitive globally, promoting India as a leader in emerging low-carbon fuels.
Decentralized renewable energy initiatives include the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana for rooftop solar adoption and PM-KUSUM for solar-powered agriculture.
The National Policy on Biofuels, 2018 aims for 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025–26, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
The National Green Hydrogen Mission targets production of 5 million tonnes by 2030, supporting industrial decarbonization.
Solar energy initiatives include the International Solar Alliance, One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG), and the Solar Parks Scheme, promoting international collaboration and large-scale solar deployment.
India plans to triple nuclear energy capacity to 22.5 GW by 2032 and target 100 GW by 2047 under the Nuclear Energy Mission, complementing renewable energy growth.
Global partnerships include the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA), G20 Energy Transitions Working Group, and LeadIT (Leadership for Industry Transition), positioning India as a key player in international energy transition efforts.
Bactrian Camel
Two Bactrian camels featured in the 2026 Republic Day Parade.
About the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Named after Bactria, an ancient Central Asian region, it is large, even-toed ungulate adapted to cold deserts.
Habitat: Native to the steppes and arid regions of Central Asia (Gobi and Taklamakan deserts).
About 300-400 exist in India as well, all in the Nubra Valley region of Ladakh.
Physical Features: Characterized by two humps on its back which store fat.
Climate Adaptation: Exhibits thick winter fur and tolerance to extreme temperatures ranging from −30°C to 40°C.
Conservation Status: Critically Endangered by the IUCN.
Southward Expansion of Polar Vortex Brings Extreme Cold to the United States
The polar vortex is a large, persistent low-pressure zone containing extremely cold air, normally confined to the Polar Regions by the polar-front jet stream.
The polar-front jet stream is an eastward-moving belt of strong stratospheric winds, which separates warm tropical air from cold polar air in the mid-latitudes.
The polar vortex rotates counter-clockwise at the North Pole and clockwise at the South Pole, following the Earth’s rotation and Coriolis Force effects.
Factors responsible for the formation of the polar vortex include temperature gradients between cold polar regions and warm tropical regions, Earth’s rotation (Coriolis Force), pressure gradient force, and interaction with the jet stream.
When the vortex is strong and stable, it keeps the jet stream traveling in a tight circular path, trapping cold air in the north and keeping warm air in the south.
When the vortex weakens, it becomes wavy, allowing extreme cold air to move southward, affecting regions like the United States.
There are two types of polar vortex: the tropospheric vortex (10–15 km altitude) where most weather phenomena occur, and the stratospheric vortex (15–50 km altitude) which is strongest in winter.
Rapid warming of the Arctic (Arctic amplification) is reducing the temperature contrast between poles and mid-latitudes, which can make the polar vortex more unstable.
A more unstable vortex increases the frequency of severe winter outbreaks, causing extreme cold in affected areas.
The trapped cold air in the polar vortex accelerates ozone depletion, particularly over Antarctica, contributing to the formation of the ozone hole.
There is no direct effect of the polar vortex on Indian weather, but Arctic winds influenced by the vortex can push weather systems like western disturbances toward India.
Lonar Lake
Lonar Lake is currently threatened by an unprecedented influx of fresh water, which may disturb its unique ecological balance.
Potential reasons for this influx include excessive rainfall and the proliferation of borewells, which are breaching the impermeable basaltic rock layers beneath the lake.
Lonar Lake is located in Buldhana district of Maharashtra and is a lake of lagoon type.
The lake is unique as it is the only known hyper-velocity impact crater in basaltic rock anywhere on Earth, containing both saline and alkaline water.
Lonar Lake was formed about 52,000 years ago due to the impact of a meteorite, creating its distinct crater structure.
The lake is recognized for its ecological and geological importance, having been designated a Ramsar Site in 2020 and notified as a National Geo-heritage Monument.
Padma Awards 2026
The President approved the conferment of 131 Padma Awards, comprising 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan, and 113 Padma Shri awards.
Among the awardees, 19 are women, 6 belong to the Foreigners/NRI/PIO/OCI category, and 16 are posthumous recipients, while 2 duo cases are counted as one.
Padma Awards are among the highest civilian awards of India, conferred in three categories: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri.
Padma Vibhushan is awarded for exceptional and distinguished service, Padma Bhushan for distinguished service of a high order, and Padma Shri for distinguished service in any field.
The other civilian award is the Bharat Ratna, which is the highest civilian award in India.
Padma Awards were instituted in 1954 as Padma Vibhushan with three classes, and renamed in 1955 as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri.
These awards are conferred annually, except during interruptions in 1978, 1979, and 1993–1997.
Padma Awards recognize contributions across all fields, including Art, Social Work, Public Affairs, and Science involving public service.
Government servants are generally not eligible, except for doctors and scientists, highlighting exceptions for significant contributions.
The award does not amount to a title under Article 18(1) of the Constitution, and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix.
Article 18(1) prohibits the State from conferring titles, except for military and academic distinctions.
The number of awards is capped at 120 per year, excluding posthumous awards and Foreigners/NRI recipients.
Padma Awards are normally not conferred posthumously, though exceptions are made in highly deserving cases.
All nominations are reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary and constituted annually by the Prime Minister.
The Committee submits recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President for approval, ensuring a multi-tiered selection process.
Awards are announced every year on the eve of Republic Day, and conferred by the President at ceremonial functions in Rashtrapati Bhawan, usually in March or April.
Awardees receive a Sanad (certificate) and a Medallion, symbolizing official recognition.
A higher category Padma Award can be conferred only after at least five years have elapsed since the conferment of an earlier Padma award.
Gallantry Awards to 70 Armed Forces Personnel on Republic Day
Gallantry Awards recognize acts of bravery, valour, or self-sacrifice, both during wartime and peacetime.
Wartime Gallantry Awards—Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and Vir Chakra—were instituted on January 26, 1950.
Peacetime Gallantry Awards—Ashoka Chakra Class-I, Class-II, and Class-III—were instituted on January 4, 1952.
In 1967, peacetime awards were renamed as Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, and Shaurya Chakra, respectively.
These awards are conferred by the President of India, who is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
The Ministry of Defence invites recommendations twice a year from the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Home Affairs for gallantry awards.
Awards are announced twice annually, on the occasions of Republic Day and Independence Day.
Gallantry Awards are divided into two main categories: Gallantry in the Face of the Enemy and Gallantry Other than in the Face of the Enemy.
Gallantry in the Face of the Enemy includes:
Param Vir Chakra: Highest military decoration for most conspicuous bravery.
Maha Vir Chakra: Second highest for acts of conspicuous gallantry.
Vir Chakra: Third in precedence for acts of bravery on the battlefield.
Gallantry Other than in the Face of the Enemy includes:
Ashoka Chakra: Highest peacetime award for bravery away from the battlefield.
Kirti Chakra: Second highest peacetime decoration.
Shaurya Chakra: Third highest peacetime decoration.
Order of precedence of Gallantry Awards is: Param Vir Chakra, Ashoka Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Vir Chakra, and Shaurya Chakra.
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has constituted Strategic Asset Allocation and Risk Governance (SAARG) Committee.
About SAARG
Constituted to strengthen investment architecture of NPS to support long-term retirement wealth creation, enhance diversification, improve risk management practices and expand subscriber choice.
About PFRDA
Genesis: Established in 2003 and granted statutory status under PFRDA Act, 2013.
Objective: To promote old age income security by establishing, developing and regulating pension funds such as the National Pension System (NPS) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY).
Works under Ministry of Finance.
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